Fractional distillation of crude oil allows the fuel industry to obtain a myriad of petroleum products from the raw material. Here's what you need to know about the process.

The majority of crude oil is drilled from oil fields in the Middle East, with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia leading global production. Other major producers are Russia, China, Canada and the US.

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The top of the fractionating column gives rise to gases and liquids that have short carbon chains in their composition. While these products are often used as fuels, many have industrial and chemical uses too.

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At the bottom extremity of the fractioning tower, the lower distillates form. These have high densities, higher boiling points and are not used as fuels, but more as grease for lubrication. These form at temperatures of 350°C to 600°C.

Petrol/gasoline is the most common automobile engine fuel and is also one of the lightest petroleum distillates. About 60 per cent of crude oil is refined into petrol, explaining why it is so necessary to find renewable alternatives. Petrol is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbon types, but it forms high in the column at a temperature of 25°C up to 60℃. Being such a light product, petrol is a mixture of hydrocarbons of between four and 12 carbon atoms per molecule.

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The lane marking arrow, in the center lane in the diagram below, indicates that traffic in this lane can be reversed in accordance with local traffic controls due to "rush hour" traffic or other special traffic conditions.

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Crude oil is a naturally occurring viscous black oil. The raw material is made up of complex organic hydrocarbon structures and is formed from living matter that existed many millions of years ago, and in that time that matter has been processed by geological forces to create its current form of black oil. While it is sometimes found at the surface level, crude oil is mostly obtained by drilling for oil in the ground at oil wells on land, and at oil rigs at sea.

If you would like to learn more, or looking for delivery of both fuel and oil products as well as alternative fuels, contact our fuel experts today on 0330 123 1444.

Any pedestrian or person driving a vehicle and approaching a railroad highway grade crossing must stop within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of the the railroad when the electrical or mechanical warning devices are flashing, the crossing gate is lowered, a human flagger is warning of an approaching train, or an approaching train is clearly visible and is in close proximity to the railroad highway grade crossing. Do not proceed until you can do so safely.

A green arrow, pointing right or left, means you may make a turn in the direction of the arrow. If the red light is burning at the same time, you must be in the proper lane for such a turn, and you must yield the right-of-way to vehicles and pedestrians within the intersection.

Mixtures of the various distillates in crude oil don’t exist in the ratio that we use them. For that reason, crude oil distillates can be cracked (broken down), unified (joined) or altered. This is a second stage that occurs after the distillate forms.

Blue and white signs direct you to services, such as gas, food, motels and hospitals. Brown and white signs point out scenic areas and parks.

Slow down and give vehicles crossing your path the right-of-way. If the way is clear, you may move forward slowly without stopping. Yield signs are usually placed where auxiliary roads lead into major roads.

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Go — but only if the intersection is clear. Yield to pedestrians and vehicles still in the intersection. If turning left, wait for gap in oncoming traffic to complete turn.

A four-way stop sign means that there are four stop signs at this intersection. Traffic from all four directions must stop. The first vehicle to reach the intersection should move forward first. If two vehicles reach the intersection at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right.

Barricades, vertical panels, drums, and cones are the most commonly used devices to alert drivers of unusual or potentially dangerous conditions in highway and street work zones. These devices are used to guide the drivers safely through the work area, and at night, they may be equipped with warning lights. When a Road Closed sign is displayed, do not drive on this road. Look for a detour or another route.

Crown Oil is an oil supplier, not an oil refiner, but with more than 75 years in the business, we’re one of the leaders in our industry, and our resident fuel experts have lots of knowledge to share; it’s through sharing our knowledge that you know you can trust us for your fuel and oil needs.

SLOW MOVING VEHICLE Vehicles going less than 25 miles per hour (such as farm equipment) must display this sign on the rear when using public highways.

Flashing arrow panels are used both during the day and at night to give advance warning and directional information to drivers where it is necessary to move to the right or to the left into another lane.

If there is no marked stop line, stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection. If there is no crosswalk, stop at a point nearest the intersecting roadway where you have a clear view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection.

Narrow bridge. These signs warn you of special conditions or dangers ahead. Words or symbols on the sign will show why you need to use caution. See pages 58-60 for typical warning signs.

To distil products in this method involves boiling the mixture to release the different constituent liquids as gases. These gases rise up a fractionating column and condense at a cooler (higher) point in the column. Since less dense liquids and gases have lower boiling points, these condense at higher points in a column than the fluids of higher density. The fluids that form at a specific point of the column are known as ‘distillates’.

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If, for example, more petrol is required, then longer chains (from fuel oil) can be cracked and added to the distillate. Alternatively, the chains from lighter gases can be unified to form petrol-length chains.

The process through which petroleum is refined is called fractional distillation and occurs in a distillation tower or fractionating column. Outside of the oil industry, fractional distillation is a process used for separating a mixture of two or more fluids of different densities by heating the mixture to the point of boiling. These separated fluids are the ‘distillates’.

Some highways have reversible traffic lanes to help handle rush-hour traffic. The direction of traffic is normally reversed at set times each day. These pavement markings are used along with special lane signals and other signs and symbols.

Did you know? Crown Oil has its roots in kerosene which used to be the default domestic heating oil. Our founder, Harry Greensmith was known around Bury and Heywood as ‘Harry Lamp Oil’ when he used to sell fuel for kerosene lamps door-to-door as far back as 1928.

Traffic signals are placed at intersections to keep traffic moving and avoid accidents. Drivers, pedestrians, and bicycle riders must obey these signals except when an officer is directing traffic. Stop on the stop line if your car is nearest the signal. Some signals change only when a car is at the stop line. If traffic signals are out of order, stop as you would for a four-way stop sign.

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Because of this, we’ve used the plural – there are a few specialised distillates that form in this area of the distillation tower. There isn’t one outlet for these different diesel engine fuels – but their outlets are near one another as their variations are small. Due to the multitude of applications for diesel fuels, there are many developments into alternative diesel fuels – some, like HVO fuel, are renewable and some, like GTL fuel, are much cleaner burning than petroleum diesel.

There are many specialised products that are produced by refining petroleum, with the majority of petroleum going into engine fuels, such as petrol (gasoline); diesel and gas oil;  and kerosene (for heating and for jet fuel) – but we’ll focus on the 16 most common for simplicity sake.

Trains cannot stop quickly. An average freight train traveling at 30 MPH needs a stopping distance of more than half a mile. Longer trains moving at faster speeds can take one and a half miles or more to stop.

Slightly below petrol is naphtha which is produced for its use in the world of chemistry and industry, such as in plastic use, as well as fuel – such as lighter fluid. Naphtha hydrocarbons have a boiling point of 60°C to 100℃ and contain between five and 12 carbon atoms per molecule.

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ANIMAL CROSSING. The animal pictured on the sign is common in this area: watch for this species crossing the road particularly during twilight and nighttime hours.

At the intersection ahead traffic in left lane must turn left and traffic in adjoining lane may turn left or continue straight ahead.

Crossbuck signs are found at highway-rail intersections. They are yield signs. You are legally required to yield the right of way to trains. Slow down, look and listen for a train, and stop if a train approaches. When the road crosses over more than one set of tracks, a sign below the crossbuck will indicate the number of tracks.

Marine gas oil is the most common form of fuel for vessels that are larger than pleasure craft, which run on regular diesel oil.

White and yellow lines are used along pavement edges and between lanes to keep vehicles in line. These lines may be solid or broken (long dashes), single or double.

Construction and maintenance signs are used to notify drivers of unusual or potentially dangerous conditions in or near work areas. Most signs used in highway and street work areas are diamond shaped.

As you approach this sign, slow down, watch for children crossing the road. Stop if necessary. Obey signals from any crossing guards.

At the same time, there are also alkenes, naphthenes and aromatics present in crude oil, which are used in chemical processes. Alkenes and naphthenes refer to hydrocarbons with a molecular formula of CnH2n but have different structures – alkanes being formed in a chain, and naphthenes in a ring.

Pavement markings, consisting of an RXR followed by a stop line closer to the tracks, may be painted on the paved approach to a crossing. Any person walking or driving a vehicle must stop within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet of the crossing. Stay behind the stop line while waiting for a train to pass.

You must never drive in a lane under a red X. A yellow X means that your lane signal is going to change to red. Prepare to leave the lane safely. You may drive in lanes beneath the green arrow, but you must also obey all other signs and signals.

A process called fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate (as well as join or split) the various lengths of hydrocarbon chains to create different petroleum products from the different distillates.

For the largest ocean-going vessels, heavy fuel oil has been the fuel of choice, although, since 2020, the International Maritime Organisation has changed regulations to phase out this fuel, in favour of the lighter, lower sulphur marine gas oil. Heavy fuel oil needs to be heated during storage.

Yellow lane lines separate lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions. Single yellow lines may also mark the left edge of the pavement on divided highways and one-way streets.

While paraffin can also refer to kerosene, it comes as a result of paraffin’s history as a domestic heating fuel, for which kerosene is now the default.

Greases are an essential part of industrial applications but are not used for burning,  they are used as lubricating oil and in fact, they cannot be flammable, so it’s important that these are produced to high standards.

Whenever we talk about petroleum and its uses, it’s always essential to educate everyone about renewable alternatives to petroleum products as that’s the direction that the future of energy needs to head in. Meanwhile, Crown Oil is proud of its commitment to a balanced carbon cycle and a renewable future by taking actions to become a greener, more sustainable business and by supplying the following green fuels:

You can also learn about some of these fuels in greater technical detail by reading our dedicated fuel specifications guide.

The petroleum gases have four or five hydrocarbons in their chain. For these distillates, hydrocarbon chains are made up of three carbon atoms in the case of propane (C3H8), and four carbon atoms in the case of butane (C4H10).

Come to a complete stop at the marked stop line or before moving into the crosswalk or intersection. After stopping, you may turn right on red arrow at most intersections if the way is clear. Some intersections display a "NO TURN ON RED" sign, which you must obey. Left turns on red arrow from a one-way street into a one-way street are also allowed.

Produced where the temperature for condensation is 175°C to 250°C is kerosene. Kerosene as a distillate is used as home heating oil (BS 2869 grades C1 kerosene and C2 kerosene) and jet fuel (A1 jet fuel).

Stop if you can. The light will soon be red. The yellow arrow means the same as the yellow light, but applies only to movement in the direction of the arrow.

Lines, symbols and words are often painted on a roadway to help direct drivers and control traffic flow. You must know what the different lines and colors mean and obey them as you would traffic signs or signals.

At many highway-rail crossings, the crossbuck has flashing red lights and bells. When the lights begin to flash, stop! A train is approaching. DO NOT STOP ON THE TRACKS OR WITHIN SIX FEET OF EITHER RAIL. Do not move forward until you can do so safely. If there is more than one track, make sure all tracks are clear before crossing. In heavy traffic make sure there is room for your vehicle on the other side before starting to cross.

While the two can be used interchangeably, when talking about the refinement and production of petroleum products, petroleum is a broad term that includes both crude oil and petroleum products. Crude oil refers to specifically the raw product drilled from the ground.

Fractional distillation of crude oil is the process by which we obtain all the various petroleum products that we rely on from crude oil – whether that’s internal combustion engine fuels such as the petrol or diesel that fuels our cars’ engines; the gas oil powering machinery and furnaces; the jet fuel that fuels aircraft; or domestic and commercial heating oil that keeps our homes and workplaces warm.

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Because hydrocarbon chains (the alkanes we mentioned earlier) form over a range of temperatures, petroleum products are a mixture of various chains, with an average range of chain length.

This sign is used on multiple lane highways to advise slower driving traffic to stay in the right hand lane; and also to do so when approached from behind by other traffic even if you are doing the speed limit.

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Butane and propane and other petroleum gases are formed right at the top of the distillation tower, where it is coolest, a very mild 25°C: the temperature range that forms these gases is between 25°C and 50°C. These gases are the lightest products formed in crude oil distillation and are flammable gases.

The UK has seven refineries and these have the capacity to process over 61 million tonnes of fuel every year (although 43.7 million tonnes were imported that year, as we saw above). Oil processed in these refineries is imported mainly from Norway, the US, Algeria and Russia. The refined oil products are then sold to oil distributors like Crown Oil to be distributed to businesses and homes around the county.

Used for heating and burning in domestic applications is paraffin and paraffin wax, which forms in the column at a range of 100°C to 175°C. Paraffin has between twenty and forty carbon atoms. Paraffin wax is further processed to be used in industry to create candles, petroleum jelly that protects skin and many other products.

Come to a complete stop at the marked stop line or before moving into the crosswalk or intersection. After stopping, you may turn right on red at most intersections if the way is clear. Some intersections display a "NO TURN ON RED" sign, which you must obey. Left turns on red from a one-way street into a one-way street are also allowed.

Bunker fuels are marine diesel fuels, and there are few types that are specialised for different kinds of vessels, especially larger vessels since the majority of pleasure craft run on regular white diesel.

Refined bitumen is made from the residue of petroleum refining, where the column is around 600°C. You’ll have come across it every day as it is an essential component of construction – used in tarring roads, sealing roofs and many other applications.

Some alkanes are useful to know about at a technical level, specifically octane and cetane (sometimes called Hexadecane)(C16H34), as they are a measure of the performance of petrol (the octane number) and diesel fuel (the cetane number in diesel fuel technical specifications). Alkanes mixtures with a flashpoint of 42℃ are grouped as fuel oils.

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The advance warning sign is usually the first sign you see when approaching a highway-rail intersection. The advance warning sign advises you to slow down, look, and listen for a train, and be prepared to stop if a train is approaching.

Many crossings have gates with flashing red lights and bells. Stop when the lights begin to flash, and before the gate lowers across your side of the road. Do not move forward until the gates are raised and the lights stop flashing as there may be a train approaching on an adjacent track.

When it comes to the fractional distillation of crude oil, steamed hot water is used to boil the liquid in order to separate the distillates, and because crude oil is a complex liquid, there are many distillates that are obtained over a range of temperatures; the most popular are petrol, diesel, gas oil or red diesel and kerosene. Products are obtained at almost every temperature range, from 600°C at the bottom, where it is hottest, to the least dense distillates, the petroleum gases, which form at temperatures as low as 25°C.

Various traffic control devices are used in road construction and maintenance work areas to direct drivers and pedestrians safely through the work site and to provide for the safety of highway workers. Be prepared to reduce your speed and use caution when directed to do so by a sign, flagger and/or police officer.

In between MGO and HFO are three additional maritime oils, MDO, IFO and MFO. These are produced by blending MGO with HFO in varied proportions.

Mineral-based lubricants for equipment and machinery often are distilled from this part of the fractionating column, the most common being motor oil. They are formed where the temperature of the column is 300°C to 350°C

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The final product produced from petroleum residue is asphalt – the remaining petroleum at the bottom of the fractionating column is mixed with gravel and used in construction.

In the context of oil refining, the distillates are the various products we use, such as petrol or diesel fuels or kerosene. Each of these products has a different density and form at different stages of the fractionating column – the least dense gases at the top, and the more dense heavy fuels and bitumen at the bottom.

Petroleum diesel, that is to say, the diesel used for ULSD (EN 590) DERV diesel for diesel-engined automobiles and BS 2869 gas oil Grades A2 gas oil and D grade gas oil for agricultural machinery and heating applications, has a versatile range of applications, so there are different grades for different tasks. Add to this, diesel is seasonally adjusted to provide optimal low-temperature performance (our fuel specification guide explains this in greater detail).

These gases, being the lightest products formed and flammable gases too, are then processed into Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), which is usually a mixture of propane and butane. LPG is used for heating applications and also hot air balloons in the case of propane.

Stop signs are always octagonal (8 sided). A stop sign means that you must bring your vehicle to a complete halt at the marked stop line.

Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon and hydrogen that make up all organic material – including crude oil. Along with water, hydrocarbon molecules are the building blocks of life. Crude oil is made up of many different types of hydrocarbon chains all mixed together. When these chains are separated into similar lengths, we have refined the crude oil into useful products.

The simplest of these alkanes is a gas, methane, with a chemical makeup of CH4 (just one carbon atom); the next largest is ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). From there, alkanes are named using Greek numerals to easily identify their structure, as we can see from examples such as pentane (C5H12), hexane (C6H14), heptane (C7H16), octane (C8H18). These alkanes can be hundreds of carbon atoms long.

Typically in order to supply businesses with fuels, large fuel tankers are required as the volumes industrial usage requires are quite large – deliveries can be as large as 36,000 litres at a time!

The hydrocarbon chains that constitute petroleum fuel products are a family of hydrocarbons called alkanes, or paraffins, depending on their size. Alkanes are hydrocarbon chains with the chemical formula Cn+H2n+2. Alkanes are stable but versatile, making them safe for use and storage as a range of fuel products.

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In this guide, we’ll go through the diverse spectrum of petroleum products we obtain from crude oil fractional distillation as well as some of their applications.

Because of these different uses, there is still extra processing the oil needs to undergo before it can make its way into furnaces and jet turbines. Kerosene chain lengths have various grades, ranging between five and 14 carbon atoms long for regular kerosene, to between six and 16 carbon atoms long for aviation-grade kerosene.

Always approach highway-railroad crossings at a reasonable speed — and be prepared to stop if you have to. Be especially alert when you are following buses or trucks which may have to stop at highway-railroad crossings even if any gates are up and the warning lights are not flashing.

There are eight shapes and eight colors of traffic signs. Each shape and each color has an exact meaning, so you must acquaint yourself with all of them.

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When it comes to petroleum products that are produced to ultimately be burned, it’s essential that waste is absolutely minimised, so at the bottom of the distillation tower, where temperatures reach 500°C to 600°C, the residue of crude oil is retrieved and put to use.

A diamond-shaped marking shows that a lane is reserved for certain purposes or certain vehicles. The lanes are usually reserved for buses or car-pool vehicles during rush hour traffic. Other diamond signs are used to designate bicycle lanes.

White lane lines separate lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. Single white lines may also mark the right edge of the pavement.

Petroleum is a broad term that refers to both crude oil and petroleum products. Petroleum products are the different hydrocarbon groups that occur within crude oil, and they are obtained through the refinement of crude oil.

This sign lists the maximum recommended safe speed for an entrance or exit on an expressway. Slow down to whatever speed is shown.

Oils below this point have a flashpoint of higher than 42°C and are classified as fuel oils. We explain fuel oils further in our fuel oil guide. These are the middle distillates as they form in the mid-section of the tower.

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OCTAGON: Exclusively for stop signs. HORIZONTAL RECTANGLE: Generally for guide signs. TRIANGLE: Exclusively for yield signs. PENNANT: Advance warning of no passing zones.

A flashing red light means the same thing as a stop sign. It is used at dangerous intersections. A flashing yellow light means you may move forward with caution. It is used at or just before dangerous intersections, or to alert you to a warning sign such as a school crossing or sharp curve.

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There are several signs, signals and pavement markings that indicate highway railroad crossings. When you see one of them, slow down and be ready to stop.

In the UK, crude oil is imported mostly from Norway which supplies 40% of all the UK’s crude oil and the US, which supplies 26%. Other countries that export their petroleum to UK refineries in lower amounts include Algeria, Russia, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia among other countries. Below is a table of where crude oil supplied to the UK came from in 2019:

If your car stalls on the tracks don't hesitate. Get yourself and your passengers out and away from the car immediately. If a collision is imminent, the safest direction is toward the train but stay off the tracks. That way you will be least likely to be hit by your vehicle or any debris from the collision.

In order to accommodate this large range of condensation zones, fractionating columns are quite tall: ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 metres in diameter and 6.0 to 60.0 metres tall, depending on the refinery.

Signs with blue circles but no red border mostly give positive instruction. One-way traffic. (note: compare circular 'Ahead only' sign). Ahead only.

Two-way roadway with a center lane for left turns in either direction of travel. The specially marked center turn lane is intended for slowing down and for sheltering of turning vehicles and may not be used for passing.

GREEN GUIDE SIGNS Green and white signs give information about directions and distances. Guide signs on expressways show you which lanes to use to get where you want to go. Routes that run generally East-West have even numbers and those running North-South have odd numbers.

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Distillates are often grouped together based on certain similar characteristics: the lightest fluids are the ‘top distillates’; while the ‘middle distillates’ are fuels that are formed lower down the columns that have a flashpoint higher than 42℃. Below those are the ‘bunker fuels’ – heavier diesel fuels mostly used in maritime applications, while the ‘lower distillates’ are the lower-down products that are too heavy for fuel, and are used as lubricants, such as motor oil. The final group of distillates are the residuals – the products that are left behind as residue in the distillation process which is also put to use in industry.

20211111 — Spill kits are generally used by oil and chemical industries to absorb spilled liquid such as oil and chemicals that are used in several sectors.

A solid white line marks the edge of the pavement on most roads. Stop lines, crosswalks and parking spaces are also marked by white lines. Symbols such as arrows are in white also. A single yellow line marks the left edge of all divided or one-way roadways. Curbs are often marked yellow in no-parking zones near fire hydrants or intersections.