Two Way Traffic Symbol Sign - two way traffic sign

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School zones should extend at least the full length of the school frontage. Generally, school zones extend about 50 m beyond the school boundary to effectively cover children crossing in the vicinity of the school.

The "Direction Arrow" sign (MR-RS-10) was used in the past in conjunction with signs MR-RS-7B, MR-RS-8B, MR-RS-9 and MR-RS-14B to indicate to drivers approaching a School Zone from a side road that the road they are joining is zoned as a "School Zone". The sign was positioned opposite the T-junction, facing terminating traffic. This practice is no longer necessary (Figure 6 refers) and is being phased out.

On divided carriageways, if offset speed zones are appropriate, the length of the speed zone should be reduced to 100 m on the departure side of the road feature.

Speed Restriction signs (R4-1) shall be installed as per Figures 7 and 8. These figures supersede Figures 3.1 and 3.2 of AS 1742.2 respectively. MR-GE-22 and MR-GE-23 signs are used in conjunction with R4-1 (Speed Limit) signs as described below in figure 6:

Figure 5(e): Location of Speed Zone Signs - Dual Carriageway (two or more lanes) on Main Road, Unsignalised Intersection

Signs shall be installed in accordance with AS1742.4 Section 3.1.10 except as described within this section. The speed limit numerals within Shared Zone sign R4-4 can be altered to display either 10 or 20. Where a shared zone ends and the speed limit is not the default limit then the End Shared Zone sign to MR-RS-31 shall be used above the R4-1 speed zone sign to end the shared zone. Refer to figure 19.

Advisory Speed signs shall not be used in conjunction with Crossroad (W2-1), T-junction (W2-3 and W2-14), Roundabout (W2-7), Side Road Junction (W2-4, W2-8 and W2-13) or Modified Intersection Warning (W9 series) signs, where a driver may be required to give way to other vehicles.

To ensure state-wide uniformity the following times of operation are used on School Zone signs. These standard times allow for the variations in individual school start and finish times refer table 5.

As per subclause 2.2.1.1(d), where the approach road is speed zoned at 90 km/h and above, the approach to a roundabout or signalised intersection shall be speed zoned not greater than 80 km/h (Speed Zone at Traffic Signals Under Review) at a distance not less than 300 metres on the approach side of the intersection by the installation of speed zone change signs.

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Area speed zones shall have appropriate signs erected at every entry and exit point in accordance with the clauses 2.2.2.1 to 2.2.2.4.

Where a section of freeway (or other control of access highway) is to be managed as a “Smart Freeway” and have Lane Use Management System (LUMS) above each lane, to allow control of a variable speed limit, signs “When All Signs Blank” (MR-RS-24) and signs “When Sign Blank” (MR-RS-25) shall be used as appropriate for the number of lanes and associated electronic signs, refer figure 10. All signs / sign blank signs (MR-RS-24 or MR-RS-25) shall be used at all locations where overhead signs or freestanding signs on the edge of the road are used. The “When All Signs Blank” sign shall be doubled up on both sides of the road / carriageway. Refer to figure 11. Both signs, MR-RS-24 and MR-RS-25, are a specified size as demonstrated on the standard drawings.

In rural areas, repeater signs shall be erected on the departure side (between 50 – 100 m on terminating legs, and between 100 – 200 m on continuing legs) of intersecting classified roads or any other roads carrying 75 vehicles per day or more, that intersect with the speed zoned road. Generally, these signs shall be spaced no closer than 0.5 km.

This sign may be used at the start of a school zone on roads which terminate on roads which front onto the school site. This sign may also be used on its own as a repeater sign within the school zone. This sign may be used in conjunction with a MR-RS-17 "Supplementary Plate to Enhance School Zone Signs" at the start of a school zone on those roads which front onto the school site although sign MR-RS-29B is preferred.

The "End School Zone" sign (R4-9) is a regulatory sign and shall be used to identify the end of a school zone. Where the speed limit beyond the school zone is subject to a speed zone greater or less than the general built-up area or rural limit, the "End School Zone" sign shall be installed in conjunction with the appropriate speed restriction sign. Where the speed limit beyond the school zone is the same as the general built-up area or rural limit, the "End School Zone" shall be installed on its own. On two-lane, two-way roadways, the "End School Zone" sign is generally installed back-to-back on the same post as the "School Zone Sign" (refer to Figure 6). It should be noted that the "End of School Zone" sign (MR-RS-13) is no longer used, although it is still supported under the Road Traffic Code 2000.

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Figure 5(b): Location of Speed Zone Signs - Single Carriageway Roads, Unsignalised Intersection – Terminating Road Speed = Through Road Speed

Speed limit signs are regulatory signs and therefore the creation, modification, or removal of any speed zones requires the approval of the Commissioner of Main Roads. The Commissioner has delegated his authority to the Manager Traffic Management Services for approval of speed limits in all areas of Western Australia.

Figure 5(c): Location of Speed Zone Signs - Single Carriageway Roads, Signalised Intersection – Terminating Road Speed = Through Road Speed

VPD means vehicles per day (typically expressed as the sum of vehicles travelling in both directions for two-way roads).

Regional Distributor means roads that are not Primary Distributors but which link significant destinations and are designed for efficient movement of people and goods within and beyond regional areas. They are managed by local government.

The MR-RS-12 sign has been used in the past in lieu of the Australian Standard "Times of Operation" sign 9-1-2 and in conjunction with the Australian Standard "School Zone" sign (R4-8B) and Speed Restriction sign (R4-1B) to indicate the times a school zone speed restriction applies in all Northern Regions of Western Australia (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley regions). Current preferred practice is to use the Main Roads sign MR-RS-8B.

To ensure statewide uniformity the following times of operation are used on School Zone signs. These standard times allow for the variations in individual school start and finish times.

As per subclause 2.2.1.1(e), speed zone change signs located downstream of a T-Junction on the terminating leg should be installed approximately 50 to 100m from the intersection.

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School Zones can be applied to particular roads in the vicinity of pre-primary, primary and secondary schools to reduce traffic speeds at times of the day when school children are likely to be present on or about these roads. Refer to Speed Zoning - Policy and Application Guidelines section 5.4.

This document is applicable to all public roads in Western Australia and should also be used by Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and private authorities for application to non-public roads in the state.

Road sections in linear speed zones with a speed limit of 40 km/h shall be fully contained within a recognisable and dedicated tourist, recreation, conservation, shopping, commercial or industrial area or precinct or reserve subject to the following:

Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-10) shall be placed on both sides of the road to face traffic entering the zone. They shall be positioned approximately 30 to 50m from any intersection to enable them to be readily seen by drivers after they have turned from the intersecting street. (Refer to Figure 5).

The actual lengths of school zones should be determined from the needs of the individual school, having regard for the type of road, traffic volume, traffic speed, visibility and road conditions. Where possible, the school zone on the main school frontage should be installed such that the point at which most students enter and leave the school is centred within the school zone.

An exception to this is the "WA Maximum Speeds" sign (MR-RS-1), which gives the maximum permissible speed limit in rural (undeveloped) areas for various classes of vehicles.

District Distributor B means a road that has a similar function to a District Distributor A road but with reduced capacity due to flow restrictions caused by frequent property accesses and roadside parking.

Area speed zones shall have appropriate signs erected at every entry and exit point in accordance with the clauses 2.2.2.1 to 2.2.2.4.

Speed Change signs (R4-1) shall be doubled up and placed on the left hand and right hand side verges in the case of single carriageway roads and the left hand side verge and median side verge in the case of dual carriageway roads. The signs applying to a particular direction of travel shall not be staggered.

For two-lane, two-way roads, it is desirable that a dividing line or barrier line is provided on a section of road that is speed zoned.

A "speed limit ahead" sign (G9-79) shall only be used in place of a buffer speed limit where there is insufficient length to install buffer speed limit signs.

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A Shared Zone is a length of carriageway or a network of roads in an area on which vehicular traffic must give way to pedestrians, where the road environment has been adapted for low vehicle speeds and on which the speed limit is either 10 km/h or 20 km/h as shown on the signs.

The MR-RS-22B (Enhanced School Zone all regions except Northern Regions) sign is used to sign the start of a school zone speed limit of 60 km/h on those roads which front onto the school site in all areas of Western Australia where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 80 or 90 km/h, other than the Northern Region (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions).

- Northern Region: 7.30 AM - 9.00 AM and 2.00 PM - 3.30 PM- Carnarvon Area: 7.30 AM - 9.00 AM and 2.00 PM - 4.00 PM- All other areas of WA 7.30 AM - 9.00 AM and 2.30 PM - 4.00 PM

The preferred speed zone restriction for heavy vehicles is 40 km/h, but this may be varied depending upon the situation. Conditions applicable for the installation of Heavy Vehicle Speed Zone signs are given in Section 3.3 of the Approval and Application guidelines.

All School Zones shall have a Posted Speed Limit of 40 km/h (except for roads already zoned at a lower Posted Speed value for example a Safe Active Street location).

School zones should extend at least the full length of the school frontage. Generally, school zones extend about 50 m beyond the school frontage to effectively cover children crossing in the vicinity of the school.

Sign MR-RS-19 (End of Heavy Vehicle Speed Zone) shall be erected at the end of a length of carriageway to which a heavy vehicle speed zone applies.

Advisory speed signing shall be limited to horizontal and vertical curves (including LATM devices) on sealed roads. These are signed with curve warning and advisory speed signs in accordance with AS 1742.2 - 2009 Section 4.4, unless otherwise directed in this guideline. Advisory speed signing for freeway exit ramps is to be in accordance with Clause 2.2.1.2(g) of these guidelines.

* Traffic Signals speed zoned at 70 km/h (and existing locations that still have the previous maximum speed zone of 80 km/h) are to have a minimum length of 0.3 km. This comprises of 200 m on approach to the intersection and 100 m on departure from the intersection, check section 2.2.1.1 (c) for offset speed limits. Similarly, roundabouts, active railway level crossings, and single lane bridges on a road with a posted speed limit greater than 80 km/h may have short sections of posted speed limits applied on approaches.

The following signing practices are no longer current, although there may still be installations employing these practices on the road network. Any such installations should be replaced with signs complying with current practice, when these signs become due for replacement under the Term Network Contract maintenance agreements.

Speed Limit Signage means any sign or marking erected or approved by Main Roads to communicate information about regulatory speeds.

At steep descents/ascents with barrier lines (double two way or unbroken separation) and climbing lanes for buses and trucks, it may also be desirable for a lower speed limit for descending heavy vehicles only.

The MR-RS-8B (School Zone - Northern Regions) sign is used to sign a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h in all Northern Regions of Western Australia (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions) where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 50, 60 or 70 km/h, other than in the town of Carnarvon.

Speed limit signs are regulatory signs and therefore the creation, modification, or removal of any speed zones requires the approval of the Commissioner of Main Roads. The Commissioner has delegated his authority to the Executive Director Road Network Services and the Executive Director Infrastructure Delivery for approval of speed limits in all areas of Western Australia.

Traffic Signals, where the approach road is speed zoned at 80 km/h or above, the approach shall be a speed zone not greater than 70 km/h with a length not less than 10 seconds travel time of the preceding speed zone, refer table 3.

In rural areas, repeater signs shall be erected on the departure side (between 50 - 100m on terminating legs, and between 100 - 200m on continuing legs) of intersecting classified roads or any other roads carrying 75 vehicles per day or more, that intersect with the speed zoned road. Generally, these signs shall be spaced no closer than 0.5 km.

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The exit signs required for speed zone areas depend on the type of roadway (continuing or terminating) and the speed limit of the road after passing the exit sign.

Advisory repeater signs, “Remember 50 in Built-Up Areas” (MR-WM-57) can be installed where requirements have been met as described in section 5 of the Speed Zoning - Policy and Application Guidelines. This sign replaces the previous practice of installing a 50 km/h repeater sign in exceptional circumstances or if the environment of the road could cause confusion to road users as to whether the Built-Up Area definition had been met. Refer to Figure 22 within section 2.2.6.1.

The MR-RS-9B (School Zone – Kimberley) sign is used to sign the start of a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h on those roads which front onto the school site in the Kimberley Region.

Notes:1. R4-1 signs (along with MR-GE-22 or MR-GE-23 supplementary plates, if used) shall be duplicated on both sides of the carriageway regardless of the number of lanes on the ramp at that point.

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Target Speed means the vehicle speed considered to be in line with the Main Roads Speed Zoning - Policy and Application Guidelines policy, and which should be the basis for setting a regulatory speed, supported by other roadway treatments, where appropriate.

For continuing roads, where the speed limit of the continuing road is the default speed limit, END Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-11) shall be placed on both sides of the road, back-to-back with the Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-10).

On approach to an Active Rail Crossing if the road is speed zoned at 90 km/h or above the approach to the active rail crossing shall be speed zoned no greater than 80 km/h at a distance not less than 10 seconds of travel time, refer Table 3.

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Where offset speed zones are used on divided roads, medians should be continuous over the length of the offset speed zone.

The MR-RS-8B (School Zone – Gascoyne and Pilbara) sign is used to sign a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h in Gascoyne and Pilbara Regions other than in the town of Carnarvon.

The MR-RS-25 sign will show a lower speed limit than the normal free flow speed limit shown on the VSL Sign, in most cases 20 km/h lower.

“New 50 speed limit” (MR-TAW-40) can be used when an existing speed limit has been changed to the Built-Up Area Default of 50 km/h and no other signing would normally be shown. Refer to figure 23.

Where a school zone is also installed on a secondary school frontage road, the length of the school zone may be considerably less than that specified for the main frontage.

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District Distributor A means a road that carries high-capacity traffic movements between industrial, commercial and residential areas and generally connects to Primary Distributor roads.

Following the introduction of a new speed limit on an existing road temporary signs can be used to inform road users of the changes.

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Numerals may be installed where considered appropriate to supplement speed limit signs on the approaches to a road section in accordance with Clause 3.1.4 of the Approval and Application Guidelines and AS 1742.4 - 2008 Section 3.4. Where provided, the following shall apply:

A speed zone transition is intended for use where there is a significant reduction, greater than 30 km/h difference, in speed limit along a carriageway. Where there is a significant reduction of the speed limit, normally two speed limit ahead (doubled up) signs (G9-79 size B or C as appropriate) shall be placed in advance of the start of the lower speed zone in accordance with AS 1742.4, Section 3.1.3 (c).

Due to the potential for high severity head-on and head-on evasion crashes at single lane bridges and where a road narrows to a single lane, associated traffic control devices should be provided in addition to normal speed zoning devices (Refer to Main Roads policy on Give Way Control Approaching Narrow Roads and Bridges.)

For terminating roads, END Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-11) shall be placed on both sides of the road, back-to-back with the Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-10).

Wherever possible it is preferable to determine advisory speeds by field assessment. For existing roads, the determination of advisory speeds for substandard curves shall be undertaken in accordance with the methods given in Appendix F of AS 1742.2-2009. Where there is a need to determine safe operating (advisory) speed from design drawings, the following formula shall be used, and the advisory speed shall be set at the nearest 5km/h increment below the calculated safe operating (advisory) speed.

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The start of a school zone shall be defined by a "School Zone" sign indicating the reduced speed limit and the times and days of operation. In Western Australia, the preferred practice is that the Australian Standard signs R4-8 (school zone), R4-1 (speed restriction) and R9-1-2 (times of operation) are combined into a single "School Zone" sign. Figure 6 illustrates a typical school zone sign layout. It should be noted that "Enhanced School Zone" signs shall only be used at the start of the zone along those roads which front onto the school site. "Enhanced School Zone" signs have a five-sided fluorescent orange "hat", which may be part of the sign (MR-RS-15B and MR-RS-16B), or which may be attached as a separate plate (MR-RS-17) to a School Zone sign (MR-RS-7B, MR-RS-8B, MR-RS-9B or MR-RS14B).

As per section 2.2.1.1 d), where the approach road is speed zoned at 80 km/h and above, the approach to a signalised intersection shall be speed zoned not greater than 70 km/h at a distance not less than 10 seconds of travel time for the preceding speed zone, refer Table 3. On approach to a roundabout if the road is speed zoned at 90 km/h or above the approach to the roundabout shall be speed zoned no greater than 80 km/h at a distance not less than 10 seconds of travel time, refer Table 3.

AS 1742.4-2008 Appendix A Section A3 shall be used except for sub-section A3.4 - Road Hazards, which is replaced with the following:

The MR-RS-14B (School Zone - Carnarvon) sign is used in the town of Carnarvon only to sign a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 50, 60 or 70 km/h.

For terminating roads, END Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-11) shall be placed on both sides of the road, back-to-back with the Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-10).

The existence and location of school crossing facilities (such as children's crossings, marked pedestrian crossings, or pedestrian refuges) should be taken into account in determining the length of the school zone. The school zone should extend over a length sufficient to include any such facilities in the immediate proximity of the school.

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The MR-RS-17 (Supplementary Plate to Enhance School Zone Signs) sign may be used with the School Zone signs MR-RS-7B, MR-RS-8B, MR-RS-9 and MR-RS-14B to sign the start of a school zone speed limit on those roads which front onto the school site. The sign is normally used to retrospectively convert an existing "School Zone" sign to an "Enhanced School Zone" sign. This sign may also be used for maintenance purposes where the fluorescent orange "school zone" panel has faded in a MR-RS-15B or MR-RS-16B sign.

Statutory speed limits are those that, by regulation in the Road Traffic Code, apply to a particular road environment, driving license provision, type of vehicle, or specific location. These speed limits are generally unsigned, with drivers expected to be aware of the limits as part of the process of obtaining and holding a driving license. Examples of this include heavy vehicle speed limits where a person shall not drive (i) a vehicle towing a trailer or other vehicle at a speed exceeding 100 km/h, or (ii) a bus with a GVM over 5t at a speed exceeding 100 km/h. An exception to this is the "WA Maximum Speeds" sign (MR-RS-1), which gives the maximum permissible speed limit in rural (undeveloped) areas for various classes of vehicles.

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Where electronic speed limit signs are used as part of a Lane Use Management System (LUMS) the appropriate information and size shall be used as described in the Main Roads document “Supplement to Victoria’s Managed Freeways Handbook for Lane Use Management and Variable Speed Limits. These devices need to be able to show multiple symbols and information at different times and the Main Roads electronic speed limit sign is not suitable as it can only show different speed limits. Further information for this type of sign can be found within Main Roads Smart Freeways documents available on the Main Roads website.

The MR-RS-7B (School Zone - all regions except Northern Regions) sign is used to sign a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h in all areas of Western Australia where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 50, 60 or 70 km/h, other than the Northern Region (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions).

The information below is intended to reflect the preferred practice of Main Roads Western Australia ("Main Roads"). Main Roads reserves the right to update this information at any time without notice. If you have any questions or comments please contact Main Roads customer service centre on 138 138 or via the Main Roads website. The Traffic Engineering Standards Manager (TESM) looks after questions or comments relating to this document.

Where there is a series of more than two closely spaced horizontal curves, some or all of which are substandard, the symbolic "Winding Road" sign (W1-5) shall be used at the beginning of the series of curves. The winding road sign used shall indicate the direction of the first substandard curve and the advisory speed sign shall indicate the advisory speed of the slowest curve. However, if the series of curves extends over a distance of one kilometre or more and the slowest curve is more than 10 km/h slower than the others, the slowest curve is to be signed separately.

In urban areas subject to the built-up area speed limit where signage is installed, repeater signs should be provided at intervals of approximately 1.0 km or on the departure side of major intersections as follows:

Speed Limit AREA signs (R4-10) shall be placed on both sides of the road to face traffic entering the zone. They shall be positioned approximately 30 to 50 m from any intersection to enable them to be readily seen by drivers after they have turned from the intersecting street (Refer to Figure 14).

Primary Distributor means a road that provides for major regional and inter-regional traffic movement and carries large volumes of generally fast-moving traffic. These roads can be strategic freight routes.

Figures 5(a) to 5(e) provide guidance on the location of speed zone signs in the vicinity of an intersection for a variety of scenarios.

For two-lane, two-way roads, it is desirable that a dividing line or barrier line is provided on a section of road that is speed zoned.

The sizes of signs used in Western Australia are given in Tables 4 and 5 of the Sign Standard Guidelines. As a general rule, speed zone change signs are size "C" and repeater signs are size "B". Exceptions to this are:-

In more developed rural areas, the maximum spacing of repeater signs after consideration of signing at major intersections may vary between 5 and 10 km, depending upon the level of roadside development. In remote rural areas, repeater signing may be erected at 10 to 20 km spacing. In areas north of Meekatharra and Kalbarri and east of Norseman, repeater signs can be erected at greater intervals of about 25 to 50 km where there are low traffic volumes and long travel distances without a change of speed limit or intersecting roads.

The minimum length of posted speed zones should be considered with reference to the time taken to travel the length of the zone at the target speed. The desirable minimum lengths of speed zones are specified in Table 1 and shall be used in place of AS 1742.4 Table 2.1. These minimum lengths typically equate to the distance travelled in 30 seconds at the posted speed limit. However, shorter distances may be acceptable for lower limits on approach to traffic signals, roundabouts, railway crossings, or single lane bridges.

Figure 5(a): Location of Speed Zone Signs - Single Carriageway Roads, Unsignalised Intersection - Terminating Road Speed < Through Road Speed

The MR-RS-16B (Enhanced School Zone - Northern Regions) sign is used to sign the start of a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h on those roads which front onto the school site in all Northern Regions of Western Australia (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions) where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 50, 60 or 70 km/h, other than in the town of Carnarvon.

Except on divided carriageways where offset speed zones can be used, it is desirable that speed zone changes occur in advance of major intersections to avoid distractions and to allow drivers to adapt to the lower speed limit before reaching the intersection. A typical distance of 300 metres is desirable where appropriate conditions exist. However, where the speed zone is lower on the departure side of the intersection (for instance on the terminating leg of a T-junction), the speed zone change should be installed as near as possible to the intersection (100m in rural areas, 50m in urban areas) to discourage continuation of the higher travel speeds after the intersection.

Placement of the speed limit ahead signage may vary to account for adjacent signage, operating speeds, road features, and other hazards. Specifically, the distance travelled at the preceding target speed should also be reviewed to identify the reasonable travel time and distance available for drivers to adjust their speed upon sighting of signage. The visibility of both speed limit ahead and the following speed restriction sign should also be considered, and may justify variation in the location of the placement of speed limit ahead signs to appropriately match road conditions, typically at 4 to 10 seconds of travel time from the change in limit.

"Speed Zones" mean lengths of a carriageway defined at the beginning by means of a speed limit sign, and at the end by means of an END speed limit sign, another speed limit sign or a T-intersection where that carriageway ends.

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Advisory speed signing shall be limited to horizontal and vertical curves (including LATM devices) on sealed roads. These are signed with curve warning and advisory speed signs in accordance with AS 1742.2 Section 4.4, unless otherwise directed in this guideline. Advisory speed signing for freeway exit ramps is to be in accordance with AS1742.2 clause 3.5 (e).

Default Speed Limit means the maximum speed limit applicable to a non-speed zoned road as defined in the Road Traffic Code.

If not known, the side friction factor should be determined by referral to the following document: Austroads - Guide to Road Design - Part 3: Geometric Road Design.

If the crash level on a section of speed zoned road with advisory speed signing becomes greater than the network average for that type of road, then that road section may be speed zoned at a lower value, as indicated in Clause 3.1.4.3 of the Approval and Application guidelines.

The start of a school zone shall be defined by a "School Zone" sign indicating the reduced speed limit and the times and days of operation. In Western Australia, the preferred practice is that the Australian Standard signs R4-8 (school zone), R4-1 (speed restriction) and R9-1-2 (times of operation) are combined into a single "School Zone" sign. Figure 17 illustrates a typical school zone sign layout. It should be noted that "Enhanced School Zone" signs shall only be used at the start of the zone along those roads which front onto the school site. "Enhanced School Zone" signs have a five-sided fluorescent yellow green "hat", which may be part of the sign (MR-RS-15B and MR-RS-16B), or which may be attached as a separate plate (MR-RS-17) to a School Zone sign (MR-RS-7B, MR-RS-8B, MR-RS-9B or MR-RS14B).

Regulatory Speed Limit means a speed limit which can be enforced by the WA Police, including default speed zones, posted speed zones, vehicle type maximum speeds, etc.

This sign may be used in conjunction with a MR-RS-17 "Supplementary Plate to Enhance School Zone Signs" at the start of a school zone on those roads which front onto the school site. This sign may be used at the start of a school zone on roads which terminate on roads which front onto the school site. This sign may also be used on its own as a repeater sign within the school zone.

Where a VSL sign is used in a Smart Freeway application, other than as part of a LUMS on an entry ramp, the MR-GE-22B sign is omitted, see figure 12.

It should be noted that the Speed Derestriction sign (R4-2) has been installed in the past in lieu of the "End Speed Limit" sign, and some of these signs may still be in use. However, this practice is no longer supported, and these signs should gradually be phased out and replaced with End Speed Limit (MR-RS-21 / R4-12) signs. The signs to be used at the transition from a sealed to a gravel road are shown in Figure 1.

The control of speed is an important aspect in effective traffic management. Speed zoning is used to vary the speed limit of a road or area from that which would otherwise apply under the general limit applicable to the locality. The objective of speed zoning is to provide credible speed limits which meet driver expectations while achieving a balance between road safety, land use, amenity and transport efficiency.

Only the Speed Restriction sign (R4-1) and the "End Speed Limit" sign (MR-RS-21 / R4-12) should be used for new linear speed zoning applications in Western Australia. (Previously, the Australian Standard "End Speed Limit "sign (R4-12) was a different size to the Main Roads "End Speed Limit" sign MR-RS-21, (which is the same size as the R4-1 sign). Since these signs are frequently installed back-to-back, as indicated in Figure 1, the Main Roads version was preferred. Now, the R4-12 sign is the same size as the MR-RS-21 sign and the two may be used interchangeably.

Sign MR-RS-18 (Heavy Vehicle Speed Zone) shall be erected at the start of a length of carriageway to which a heavy vehicle speed zone applies.

School Zone ahead sign for use where the change in speed zone is 40 km/h or greater or where poor horizontal or vertical alignments are present on approach. Speed limit ahead signs (G9-79) are not appropriate due to the speed zone being time related.

Where a school zone is also installed on a secondary school frontage road, the length of the school zone may be considerably less than that specified for the main frontage.

The length of the buffer zone should generally be 500 metres and not less than 300 metres. Buffer zones can be longer than 500 metres to include substandard vertical or horizontal alignment or hazards.

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The MR-RS-7B (School Zone – all regions except Northern Regions) sign is used to sign a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h in all areas of Western Australia other than the Northern Region (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions).

The speed restriction sign is used to indicate the speed limit that applies to the speed zone or general built-up area limit about to be entered and as a repeater sign. The "End Speed Limit" sign is used at the end of a speed zone or Built-Up Area Speed Limit and indicates that the default general speed limit applies beyond the sign.

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The location, spacing and number of repeater signs is given in clauses 2.2.1.2(e) and 2.2.1.2(f) of these guidelines, respectively.

A pedestrian mall is equivalent to a shared zone with a 10 km/h speed limit. Most vehicles are prohibited from entering a pedestrian mall with certain types of vehicles, as stated within the RTC, allowed to enter. Signs to MR-RP-2 and MR-RP-6, see figure 20, create the pedestrian mall and the subsequent requirements for a 10 km/h speed limit as stated in the RTC. Sign MR-RP-2 displays times when service vehicles cannot enter the pedestrian mall and sign MR-RP-6 does not show any time restrictions for service vehicles.

If not known, the side friction factor should be determined by referral to the MRWA Supplement to Austroads Guide to Road Design (AGRD) Part 3 table 7.5.

In urban areas subject to the built-up area speed limit, where signage is installed that creates a speed limit different to the built-up area default speed limit, repeater signs should be provided at intervals of approximately 1.0 km or on the departure side of major intersections as follows:

In order to avoid problems of continually changing speed limits along a road, particularly with the use of 10 km/h increments, it is preferable to provide minimum lengths between speed zone changes. The desirable minimum lengths of speed zones are given in Table 2.1 below (This table replaces Table 2.2 of AS 1742.4-2008):

The MR-GE-23 (END OF FREEWAY) sign shall be used as a supplementary plate with a Speed Restriction sign (R4-1) to indicate the end of freeway conditions. The MR-GE-23 sign shall be used in lieu of the Australian Standard GE6-11 (END OF FREEWAY) sign.

Where offset speed zones are used on divided roads, medians should be continuous over the length of the offset speed zone.

“Speed Zones" mean lengths of a carriageway defined at the beginning by means of a speed limit sign, and at the end by means of an END speed limit sign, another speed limit sign or a T-intersection where that carriageway ends.

It should be noted that it is not Main Roads practice to install speed limit signs on roads subject to the built-up area default speed limit.

Signs R4-1B and MR-RA-21 shall be used as repeater signs for Heavy Vehicle Speed Zones and shall be located at approximately 1.0km intervals, or 50m past any repeater signs indicating the speed limit for other vehicles.

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The signs on linear speed Zones are to be installed in accordance with AS1742.4-2008 Section 3, other than the following practices which are adopted in Western Australia.

Sign MR-RM-21 shall be duplicated on ramps with more than one lane. In addition, the advance information sign PROHIBITED ON FREEWAY (MR-GE-25) shall be erected on the approaches to the local road/freeway on-ramp intersection.

In urban Areas not subject to the built-up area speed limit, repeater signs shall generally be located at the intervals given in Table 2.2, or on the departure side of major intersections as follows:

The RTC allows the implementation of Heavy Vehicle Speed Zones, restricting the speed of heavy vehicles to the speed limit indicated by numbers shown on the 'heavy vehicle speed zone' sign. The RTC defines a heavy vehicle as 'a vehicle, other than a bus, that has, or together with any attached trailer and its load has, a Gross Combined Mass (GCM) that is 22.5 t or more'. In the context of this definition, the speed restriction would also apply to a vehicle having a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) of 22.5 t or more.

Speed Restriction signs (R4-1) shall be installed as per Figures 3 and 4. These figures supersede Figures 3.1 and 3.2 of AS1742.2 - 2009 respectively. MR-GE-22 and MR-GE-23 signs are used in conjunction with R4-1 (Speed Limit) signs as described below:

Road Traffic Code means Road Traffic Code 2000, regulations for Western Australia applied under the Road Traffic Act 1974.

Where speed limits are required to vary either due to time of day or due to traffic volumes and conditions or due to events, electronic speed limit signs can be used to ensure drivers are aware of the prevailing speed limit. Electronic speed limit signs can be used for both linear speed limits and area speed limits such as School Zones. For further information on school zones refer to section 2.2.3 and the relevant section of the Speed Zoning - Policy and Application Guidelines.

The MR-RS-14B (School Zone - Carnarvon) sign is used in the town of Carnarvon only to sign a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h.

Managed Freeway means a section of freeway, or control of access highway, that has either on ramp controls to meter traffic or a lane use management system to allow lanes to be shut and traffic directed to other lanes and speed limits to be changed or both

Figure 5(d): Location of Speed Zone Signs - Dual Carriageway on Main Road, Signalised Intersection – Terminating Road Speed = Through Road Speed

“Note: This Technical Guidelines is currently under review. This should be read in conjunction with the current Speed Zoning Policy. For any discrepancies, please contact Main Roads for any technical advice regarding this guidelines and speed zoning policy.”

The sizes of signs used in Western Australia are stated in Tables 4 and 5 of the Sign Standard Guidelines. As a general rule, speed zone change signs are size "C" and repeater signs are size "B". Exceptions to this are:-

In the more developed rural areas, the maximum spacing of repeater signs after consideration of signing at major intersections may vary between 5 and 10 km, depending upon the level of roadside development. In remote rural areas repeater signing may be erected at 10 to 20 km spacing. In areas north of Meekatharra and Kalbarri and east of Norseman, repeater signs can be erected at greater intervals of about 25 to 50 km where there are low traffic volumes and long travel distances without a change of speed limit or intersecting roads.

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AS1742.4-2008, Section 2.3.5, has been modified as follows. A buffer zone of intermediate speed value should be provided where there is a reduction or increase in the speed limit of more than 30 km/h, except for the following situations:

The Road Traffic Code 2000 allows the implementation of Heavy Vehicle Speed Zones, restricting the speed of heavy vehicles to the speed limit indicated by numbers shown on the 'heavy vehicle speed zone' sign. The Code defines a heavy vehicle as 'a vehicle, other than a bus, that has, or together with any attached trailer and its load has, a Gross Combined Mass (GCM) that is 22.5 t or more'. In the context of this definition, the speed restriction would also apply to a vehicle having a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) of 22.5 t or more.

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For approaches to school zones, where the change in speed zone is 40 km/h or greater or where there is poor horizontal or vertical alignments on approach, sign MR-WDP-6 can be used, see figure 2 below. Speed limit ahead signs (G9-79) are not appropriate on approach to school zones due to the speed zone being time related and not operating at all times.

At Roundabouts, Active Railway Level Crossings and Single Lane Bridges where the approach road is speed zoned at 90 km/h and above, the approach shall be a speed zone not greater than 80 km/h with a length not less than 10 seconds of travel time for the preceding speed zone, refer table 3.

Area Speed signs (R4-10) are to be used as repeater speed limit signs and shall be installed within the speed limited area at approximately 500 metre intervals on each continuous street that is longer than 1000 metres.

This document is applicable to all public roads in Western Australia and should also be used by Local Government Authorities (LGAs), State Government departments that may have Authorities created to manage specific locations, such as Kings Park or Rottenest Island, Federal departments that may manage locations such as airports and private authorities for application to non-public roads in the State.

Where the preferred practice of combining the individual Australian Standard signs R4-8 (school zone), R4-1 (speed restriction) and R9-1-2 (times of operation) into a single "school zone" sign indicated in clause (a) above, is not adhered to, the following has been applied.

The purpose of this document is to provide a uniform approach for implementing or signposting of speed zones for a particular length of road ('linear' speed limits) or a network of roads ('area' speed limits). The policy, application & approval and administration guidelines are in separate documents.

The speed restriction sign is used to indicate the speed limit that applies to the speed zone and as a repeater sign. The "End Speed Limit" sign is used at the end of a speed zone or Built-Up Area speed limit and indicates that the default speed limit applies beyond the sign.

The purpose of this document is to provide a uniform approach for implementing and signposting of speed zones for a particular length of road ('linear' speed limits) or a network of roads ('area' speed limits). The policy, application & approval and administration guidelines can be found in the separate document, Speed Zoning - Policy and Application Guidelines.

Road means any highway, road, or street open to, or used by, the public and includes every carriageway, footway, reservation, median strip and traffic island thereon.

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The&nbspMR-RS-9B (School Zone) sign is used to sign a school zone speed limit of 60 km/h in all areas of Western Australia where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 80 or 90 km/h, other than the Northern Region (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions).

Default speed limits are statutory speed limits applicable to various classes of roads according to their environment. The default speed limits applicable in Western Australia are 50 km/h for built-up areas and 110 km/h for rural or undeveloped areas.

Speed limit ahead signage should not be used for increases in speed limit, or on exit ramps at interchanges, or at approaches and departures to shared zones. Speed limit ahead signage shall only be used for decreases in speed limits as defined in Table 2.

The MR-RS-25 sign is used to assist with degraded operation of VSL signs. It is installed on entry ramps where the ramp enters a LUMS or VSL environment - located beneath the Start of Freeway sign and VSL sign.

Where the preferred practice of combining the individual Australian Standard signs R4-8 (school zone), R4-1 (speed restriction) and R9-1-2 (times of operation) into a single "school zone" sign indicated in section 2.2.3.4, is not adhered to, the following has been applied.

It should be noted that it is not Main Roads practice to install speed limit signs on roads subject to the built-up area default speed limit.

Only the speed restriction sign (R4-1) and the "End Speed Limit" sign (MR-RS-21) should be used for new linear speed zoning applications in Western Australia. Due to size discrepancies between AS1743 and AS1742 the Main Roads “End Speed Limit” sign (MR-RS-21) should be used in preference to the AS1742 and AS1743 “End Speed Limit” sign (R4-12).

In urban areas not subject to the built-up area speed limit, repeater signs shall generally be located at the intervals given in Table 4, or on the departure side of major intersections as follows:

Local Distributor means a road that caters for movement of traffic within local areas and connects access roads to higher-order distributor roads.

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This sign may be used in conjunction with a&nbspMR-RS-17 "Supplementary Plate to Enhance School Zone Signs" at the start of a school zone on those roads which front onto the school site. This sign may be used at the start of a school zone on roads which terminate on roads which front onto the school site. This sign may also be used on its own as a repeater sign within the school zone.

Speed limits should not be reduced for isolated road hazards such as un-signalised intersections, driveways and isolated curves. Hazards such as these should be treated with the appropriate warning signs, and where necessary advisory speed signage. However, where several hazards occur in close proximity to each other over a section of road 3 km or more, then a lower speed limit than that indicated by roadside development may be appropriate.

AADT means Annual Average Daily Traffic (the typical number of vehicles traveling along both directions of a road across a 24-hour period).

The speed limit based on the appropriate Target speed should reflect the environment that the road is travelling through and not individual isolated hazards or single events that may occur once a year, for example.

On divided carriageways, if offset speed zones are appropriate, the length of the speed zone should be reduced to 100 metres on the departure side of the road feature.

The MR-RS-15B (Enhanced School Zone - all regions except Northern Regions) sign is used to sign the start of a school zone speed limit of 40 km/h on those roads which front onto the school site in all areas of Western Australia where the speed zone (outside of school hours) is 50, 60 or 70 km/h, other than the Northern Region (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley Regions).

The signs on linear speed zones are to be installed in accordance with AS 1742.4 Section 3.1.4, other than the following practices which are adopted in Western Australia.

The exit signs required for speed zone areas depend on the type of roadway (continuing or terminating) and the speed limit of the road after passing the exit sign. With reference to Figure 5:

Speed limits should not be reduced for isolated road hazards such as un-signalised intersections, driveways, railway level crossings and isolated curves. Hazards such as these should be treated with the appropriate warning and regulatory signs, and where necessary advisory speed signage. However, where several hazards occur in close proximity to each other over a section of road 3 km or more, then a lower speed limit than that indicated by roadside development may be appropriate.

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Where two schools are nearby, both independently satisfying the selection criteria, one continuous school zone serving both schools shall be applied if the separation distance between separate school zones is 300 m or less.

Area Speed signs (R4-10) are to be used as repeater speed limit signs and shall be installed within the speed limited area at approximately 0.5 km intervals on each continuous street that is longer than 1 km.

The location, spacing and number of repeater signs is given in sections 2.2.1.2 e) and 2.2.1.2 f) of these guidelines, respectively.

Numerals may be installed where considered appropriate to supplement speed limit signs on the approaches to a road section in accordance with requirements set out below and in AS1742.4. Where provided, the following shall apply:

To the extent permitted by law, Main Roads, its employees, agents, authors and contributors are not liable for any loss resulting from any action taken or reliance made by you on the information herein displayed.

Where speed zone changes occur at or near a major intersection, consideration should be given for placing the transition point in advance of the intersection to reduce the impact speed of potential right angle or rear end collisions that might occur at the intersection. The site conditions on the approach should be evaluated to ensure any relevant factors (such as queueing or sight distance constraints) are considered in the placement of signage.

Advisory Speed is the desirable speed for comfortable travel for the driver and passengers when weather, traffic and road conditions are good. It is not legally enforceable.

Threshold Treatment means a treatment that is placed at a perimeter or entry of a local area to inform motorists that they are entering a different speed environment.

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With reference to Figure 14, if after the end of the speed zone area the road returns to a default speed such as the Built-Up Area speed limit then END speed limit AREA signs (R4-11B) shall be used. If the speed zone area changes to a non-default speed limit then the new speed limit sign (R4-1B) with the smaller END speed limit AREA sign (R4-13) shall be used.

Design Speed means the speed which is adopted for geometric design of either new roadways, or upgrades to existing roadways

Area Speed Limit means a Regulatory Speed Limit which applies across a specific locality as defined in the Road Traffic Code.

The MR-RS-11 sign has been used in the past in lieu of the Australian Standard "Times of Operation" sign 9-1-2 and in conjunction with the Australian Standard "School Zone" sign (R4-8B) and Speed Restriction sign (R4-1B) to indicate the times a school zone speed restriction applies in all regions of Western Australia, other than the Northern Regions (Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley regions). Current preferred practice is to use the Main Roads signs MR-RS-7B and MR-RS-9B.

Figures 2(a) to 2(e) provide guidance on the location of speed zone signs in the vicinity of an intersection for a variety of scenarios.

Built-Up Area Speed Limit means the 50 km/h speed limit applicable to a built up area as defined in the Road Traffic Code.

On divided carriageways, if offset speed zones are appropriate, the length of the speed zone should be reduced to 100 metres on the departure side of the road feature.

The MR-GE-23 (END OF FREEWAY) sign shall be used as a supplementary plate with a Speed Restriction sign (R4-1) to indicate the end of freeway conditions. When used under these circumstances, the MR-GE-23 sign shall be used in lieu of the Australian Standard GE6-11 (END OF FREEWAY) sign.

Wherever possible it is preferable to determine advisory speeds by field assessment. For existing roads, the determination of advisory speeds for substandard curves shall be undertaken in accordance with the methods given in Appendix F of AS 1742.2. Where there is a need to determine safe operating (advisory) speed from design drawings, the following formula shall be used, and the advisory speed shall be set at the nearest 5km/h increment below the calculated safe operating (advisory) speed.

It is desirable that speed zone changes occur in advance of major intersections to avoid distractions and to allow drivers to adapt to the lower speed limit before reaching the intersection. A typical distance travelled in 4 to 10 seconds at the posted speed is desirable to allow for road users to adjust their travelling speed. Guiding distance values are provided in Table 3 below. Where appropriate conditions exist a distance of 300 m is desirable. However, where the speed zone is lower on the departure side of the intersection (for instance on the terminating leg of a T-junction), the speed zone change should be installed as near as possible to the intersection (100 m in rural areas, 50 m in urban areas) to discourage continuation of the higher travel speeds after the intersection.

85th Percentile Speed means the speed at or below which 85% of all vehicles are observed to travel under free-flowing conditions past a nominated point.

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The following signing practices are no longer current, although there may still be installations employing these practices on the road network. Any such installations should be replaced with signs complying with current practice when these signs become due for replacement under the maintenance agreements.

Figure 11. When All Signs Blank signs (MR-RS-24) shown on gantry accompanying LUMS electronic signs. 80 km/h speed limit shown with 60 km/h speed limit when electronic signs are blank.

The Government of Western Australia acknowledges the traditional custodians throughout Western Australia and their continuing connection to the land, waters and community. We pay our respects to all members of the Aboriginal communities and their cultures; and to Elders both past and present.

Operating Speed means the speed at which most road users feel comfortable travelling. The operating speed is generally measured as the 85th Percentile Speed. This may be different to the Target Speed.