OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Waste incineration

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Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors.

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The map shows differences in per capita energy use, which includes all energy dimensions (electricity plus transport and heating). There are several important points to note.

This figure is still unacceptably high, and gains in access are moving much too slowly to reach our goal of universal access by 2030. This is particularly true for Sub-Saharan Africa — despite the share of the population with electricity rising steadily, population growth meant that the total number of people without access was on the rise until 2016. Accelerated progress will be needed to ensure this number continues to fall.

Landfill

Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security.

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Other Solid Waste Incineration Unit (OSWI) These include either a very small municipal waste combustion unit or an institutional waste incineration unit. An OSWI unit includes, but is not limited to, the municipal or institutional solid waste feed system, grate system, flue gas system, waste heat recovery equipment, if any, and bottom ash system. The OSWI unit does not include air pollution control equipment or the stack. OSWI are required to have a waste management plan identifying the feasibility and the methods used to reduce or separate certain components of solid waste from the waste stream in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions from incinerated waste. This plan must also include consideration of the reduction or separation of waste-stream elements such as paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, batteries, or metals; or the use of recyclable materials. Additionally the plan will identifies any additional waste management measures and implements those measures the source considers practical and feasible, considering the effectiveness of waste management measures already in place, the costs of additional measures, the emissions reductions expected to be achieved, and any other environmental or energy impacts they might have. OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

While this trend has been positive across most regions, there are still some countries where most of the people do not have access to electricity.

The minimum consumption levels necessary to be considered as having electricity access based on the International Energy Agency (IEA) methodology is 250kWh per year for rural households and 500kWh per year for urban households. IEA methodology and definitions are available online.

All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.

The scatterplots show the relationship between access to electricity and access to clean cooking fuels measured against average income (GDP per capita). Both metrics show a strong positive correlation: energy access is low in poorer countries and increases as incomes increase.

In 2020, approximately two-thirds of the world's population had access to clean fuels for cooking, representing a significant increase from about half of the global population in 2000. This improvement underscores the substantial progress over two decades in enhancing access to more sustainable and healthier cooking options worldwide.

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While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

In the visualizations here, we see the number of people globally with and without clean cooking fuels and a world map of the number without access.

The chart shows that in 1998, more than 1.5 billion people didn't have electricity; by 2015, this had fallen below one billion, and it has continued to fall since then.

This progress also holds when we look at the total number of people without electricity access. In 2015, the total number without electricity fell below one billion for the first time in decades, very likely the first time in our history of electricity production.3

Countries below the grey line have lower access for rural populations than urban areas. Nearly all of these lines lie below this line, meaning that electricity access in urban areas is higher for most nations than in rural regions.

The availability (and affordability) of electricity and clean fuels for cooking is strongly related to income. Poor energy access is strongly tied to having a low income.

And the following chart shows that the world is progressing in this direction. In 1980, nearly two-thirds of the global population relied on solid fuels. Three decades later, this proportion has decreased, with less than half of the world's population using solid fuels. The chart also shows that it is a problem associated with poverty. In wealthier Europe and North America, the share is much lower than in the rest of the world, and in high-income countries, the use of solid fuels is entirely a thing of the past.

Pyrolysis

Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Electricity is crucial for poverty alleviation, economic growth, and improved living standards.1 Measuring the share of people with electricity access is, therefore, an important social and economic indicator. The concept of "access to electricity" doesn't have a universally accepted definition, but most interpretations revolve around the availability of electricity, safe cooking facilities, and a certain minimum level of consumption. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), 'access to electricity' involves more than just electricity delivery to a household. It also includes a requirement for households to consume a certain minimum amount of electricity, which differs based on whether the household is in a rural or urban area, and this threshold increases over time. The minimum threshold is set lower for rural households and higher for urban households.2

The use of solid fuels is declining in all of the world’s regions. However, the success of rapidly developing Southeast Asia is particularly impressive. Here, there has been a remarkable decline in the use of solid fuels, shifting from nearly all of the population to just over half.

Panos, E., Densing, M., Volkart, K. (2016). Access to electricity in the World Energy Council's global energy scenarios: An outlook for developing regions until 2030. Energy Strategy Reviews, 9, 28-49. Available online.

Combustion

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Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

We see a regional shift in electricity access over the past few decades: in 2000, nearly half of the world's people without access lived in South Asia. However, this figure has dramatically decreased in recent years. Taking its place is Sub-Saharan Africa, home to three-quarters of the world's population without access to electricity.

Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

What becomes clear is the significant inequalities that exist between countries. In many low-income countries, per capita electricity generation is more than 100-fold lower than in the wealthiest countries.

At a global level, the share of people with access to electricity has been steadily increasing over the last few decades. In 2000, 2 in 10 people lacked access to electricity; this number has since decreased, with fewer than 1 in 10 lacking access in recent years.

Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

While global energy growth is growing from developing economies, the trend for many high-income nations is notably declining.

Hazardous waste

incinerator中文

Firstly, significant disparities in energy consumption exist between countries. For example, the average energy use in the United States surpasses that of the average Indian by more than tenfold, is four to five times greater than that of a Brazilian, and more than double that of a Chinese citizen. The contrast is even more pronounced when comparing high-income countries to very low-income nations, where the latter can consume over 30 times less energy.

Although global electricity access data does not extend back to 1990, I hypothesize that 2015 was the first year since the dawn of industrial electricity production that less than a billion have been without access. The global population was already over 1.4 billion by the time of the first power plant (1882). Asia (the world's most populous region) was approaching one billion at the end of the 19th century. The rapid development of the world's most populous regions has been focused on the most recent decades in the late 20th and early 21st century. Although the data is not available to confirm this, I would estimate that between 1882 and 1990, there have always been at least one billion people in the world without electricity access.

However, this growth in per capita energy consumption does vary significantly between countries and regions. Most of the growth over the last few decades has been driven by increased consumption in transitioning middle-income countries, such as China, India, and Brazil.

CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

The map shows the share of households with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking across the world. This share has been increasing for most countries with low-to-middle incomes; however, rates of increase vary by country and region.

While access to electricity is an important metric to monitor, it is insufficient to measure energy equity. Besides the fact that electricity is only one dimension of energy consumption, access metrics don’t tell us about the amount of electricity generated or used.

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The obvious way to avoid indoor air pollution from solid fuel burning is for households to transition from traditional ways of cooking and heating towards more modern, cleaner methods. This can, for example, involve transitioning to non-solid fuels such as natural gas, ethanol, or even electric technologies.

Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Waste incineration plant

Common areas for these signs include electrical panels, switchgear rooms, high-voltage equipment, and areas with exposed wiring. Ensure that ...

The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Incinerators that started construction or modification after 11 June 1973 which combust waste containing more than 10 percent sewage sludge (dry basis) produced by municipal sewage treatment plants, or those that started construction or modification after 11 June 1973 which charge more than 1000 kg (2205 lb) per day municipal sewage sludge (dry basis) are required to have opacity emissions of less than 20%. Monitoring devices required for these incinerators depend on whether the incinerator is multiple hearth, fluidized bed, or an electric sludge incinerator. Other Solid Waste Incineration Unit (OSWI) These include either a very small municipal waste combustion unit or an institutional waste incineration unit. An OSWI unit includes, but is not limited to, the municipal or institutional solid waste feed system, grate system, flue gas system, waste heat recovery equipment, if any, and bottom ash system. The OSWI unit does not include air pollution control equipment or the stack. OSWI are required to have a waste management plan identifying the feasibility and the methods used to reduce or separate certain components of solid waste from the waste stream in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions from incinerated waste. This plan must also include consideration of the reduction or separation of waste-stream elements such as paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, batteries, or metals; or the use of recyclable materials. Additionally the plan will identifies any additional waste management measures and implements those measures the source considers practical and feasible, considering the effectiveness of waste management measures already in place, the costs of additional measures, the emissions reductions expected to be achieved, and any other environmental or energy impacts they might have. OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

If we calculate the number of people that have gained access to electricity on any average day since the millennium, it comes to around 334,000 people.

Most of this increase has been driven by growth in low and middle-income economies. In many countries, this trend has been striking.

Access to clean fuels is still very low across Sub-Saharan Africa. Progress has been much more significant in South and East Asia over the last decade.

Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433).

OSWI are required to have a waste management plan identifying the feasibility and the methods used to reduce or separate certain components of solid waste from the waste stream in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions from incinerated waste. This plan must also include consideration of the reduction or separation of waste-stream elements such as paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, batteries, or metals; or the use of recyclable materials. Additionally the plan will identifies any additional waste management measures and implements those measures the source considers practical and feasible, considering the effectiveness of waste management measures already in place, the costs of additional measures, the emissions reductions expected to be achieved, and any other environmental or energy impacts they might have. OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

These include either a very small municipal waste combustion unit or an institutional waste incineration unit. An OSWI unit includes, but is not limited to, the municipal or institutional solid waste feed system, grate system, flue gas system, waste heat recovery equipment, if any, and bottom ash system. The OSWI unit does not include air pollution control equipment or the stack. OSWI are required to have a waste management plan identifying the feasibility and the methods used to reduce or separate certain components of solid waste from the waste stream in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions from incinerated waste. This plan must also include consideration of the reduction or separation of waste-stream elements such as paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, batteries, or metals; or the use of recyclable materials. Additionally the plan will identifies any additional waste management measures and implements those measures the source considers practical and feasible, considering the effectiveness of waste management measures already in place, the costs of additional measures, the emissions reductions expected to be achieved, and any other environmental or energy impacts they might have. OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

It doesn’t tell us much about electricity or energy affordability at the individual or household level. Indeed, many households may only consume the minimum threshold of electricity usage necessary to be considered 'electrified' due to personal finance constraints.4

The burning of solid fuels fills the houses and huts in poorer countries with smoke that kills the world’s poor by causing pneumonia, stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. The solid fuels responsible for this include wood, crop residues, dung, charcoal, and coal. The solution to this problem is straightforward: shift from solid fuels to modern energy sources.

Incinerators with over 45 metric tons/day (50 tons/day) charging rate that started construction or modification after 17 August 1971 are required to meet a particulate emissions standard of 0.18 g/dscm (0.08 g/ dscf) corrected to 12% CO2 and keep a record of daily charging rates and hours of operation; Incinerators that started construction or modification after 11 June 1973 which combust waste containing more than 10 percent sewage sludge (dry basis) produced by municipal sewage treatment plants, or those that started construction or modification after 11 June 1973 which charge more than 1000 kg (2205 lb) per day municipal sewage sludge (dry basis) are required to have opacity emissions of less than 20%. Monitoring devices required for these incinerators depend on whether the incinerator is multiple hearth, fluidized bed, or an electric sludge incinerator. Other Solid Waste Incineration Unit (OSWI) These include either a very small municipal waste combustion unit or an institutional waste incineration unit. An OSWI unit includes, but is not limited to, the municipal or institutional solid waste feed system, grate system, flue gas system, waste heat recovery equipment, if any, and bottom ash system. The OSWI unit does not include air pollution control equipment or the stack. OSWI are required to have a waste management plan identifying the feasibility and the methods used to reduce or separate certain components of solid waste from the waste stream in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions from incinerated waste. This plan must also include consideration of the reduction or separation of waste-stream elements such as paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, batteries, or metals; or the use of recyclable materials. Additionally the plan will identifies any additional waste management measures and implements those measures the source considers practical and feasible, considering the effectiveness of waste management measures already in place, the costs of additional measures, the emissions reductions expected to be achieved, and any other environmental or energy impacts they might have. OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Solid Waste Incinerators Incinerators with over 45 metric tons/day (50 tons/day) charging rate that started construction or modification after 17 August 1971 are required to meet a particulate emissions standard of 0.18 g/dscm (0.08 g/ dscf) corrected to 12% CO2 and keep a record of daily charging rates and hours of operation; Incinerators that started construction or modification after 11 June 1973 which combust waste containing more than 10 percent sewage sludge (dry basis) produced by municipal sewage treatment plants, or those that started construction or modification after 11 June 1973 which charge more than 1000 kg (2205 lb) per day municipal sewage sludge (dry basis) are required to have opacity emissions of less than 20%. Monitoring devices required for these incinerators depend on whether the incinerator is multiple hearth, fluidized bed, or an electric sludge incinerator. Other Solid Waste Incineration Unit (OSWI) These include either a very small municipal waste combustion unit or an institutional waste incineration unit. An OSWI unit includes, but is not limited to, the municipal or institutional solid waste feed system, grate system, flue gas system, waste heat recovery equipment, if any, and bottom ash system. The OSWI unit does not include air pollution control equipment or the stack. OSWI are required to have a waste management plan identifying the feasibility and the methods used to reduce or separate certain components of solid waste from the waste stream in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions from incinerated waste. This plan must also include consideration of the reduction or separation of waste-stream elements such as paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, batteries, or metals; or the use of recyclable materials. Additionally the plan will identifies any additional waste management measures and implements those measures the source considers practical and feasible, considering the effectiveness of waste management measures already in place, the costs of additional measures, the emissions reductions expected to be achieved, and any other environmental or energy impacts they might have. OSWI operators must continuously monitor for carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions. The oxygen concentration must be monitored at every location where the carbon monoxide is monitored. The emissions of OSWI that are regulated include: cadmium, carbon monoxide, dioxins/furans (total basis), hydrogen chloride, lead, mercury, opacity, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. OSWI operators must keep the following documentation onsite: summary of the applicable standards procedures for receiving, handling, and charging waste incinerator startup, shutdown, and malfunction procedures procedures for maintaining proper combustion air supply levels procedures for operating the incinerator and associated air pollution control systems monitoring procedures for demonstrating compliance with the operating limits reporting and recordkeeping procedures the waste management plan required under 60.2899 through 60.2901 (see checklist item AE.25.8.US) procedures for handling ash. Note that this documentation list does nto include every report or other type document that must be kept. The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

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Incinerate

Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

In the chart, we have plotted the percentage of the rural population with electricity access (on the y-axis) versus the percentage of the urban population with access (on the x-axis).

Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

The following are not considered to be OSWI: Cement kilns if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart LLL (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry). Co-fired combustors, the unit, that would otherwise be considered a very small municipal waste combustion unit, are excluded if they meet the following requirements The unit has a Federally enforceable permit limiting the combustion of municipal solid waste to 30 percent of the total fuel input by weight. the Administrator is notified that the unit qualifies for the exclusion. the Administrator is provided with a copy of the Federally enforceable permit. the weights are recorded, each calendar quarter, of municipal solid waste and of all other fuels combusted. Each report is kept for 5 yr. These records must be kept on site for at least 2 years. The records may be kept off site for the remaining 3 yr. Cogeneration facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a cogeneration facility under section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(18)(B)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity and steam or other forms of energy used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR subparts CCCC or DDDD and is required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Hazardous waste combustion units are if they meet either of the following two criteria: A permit for the unit is obtained under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The unit is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EEE (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Hazardous Waste Combustors). Hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators if the unit is regulated under 40 CFR, subparts Ce or Ec (New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators). Incinerators and air curtain incinerators in isolated areas of Alaska if the incineratorr used at a solid waste disposal site in Alaska that are classified as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977. Rural institutional waste incinerators if it is an institutional waste incineration unit, as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977, and the application for exclusion has been approved by the Administrator as follows: Institutional boilers and process heaters if they are regulated under 40 CFR 63, Subpart DDDDD (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters). Laboratory Analysis Units if they burn samples of materials only for the purpose of chemical or physical analysis. Materials recovery units if they combusts waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals. Examples include primary and secondary smelters. Pathological waste incineration units such as the facilitys institutional waste incineration unit or very small municipal waste combustion unit if they burn 90 percent or more by weight (on a calendar quarter basis and excluding the weight of auxiliary fuel and combustion air) of pathological waste, low-level radioactive waste, and/or chemotherapeutic waste as defined in 40 CFR 60.2977 and you the Administrator is notified that the unit meets these criteria. Small or large municipal waste combustion units if they are regulated under 40 CFR 60, Subparts AAAA, BBBB, Ea, Eb, or Cb, and are required to meet the emission limitations established in those subparts. Small power production facilities if they meet the following three requirements: The unit qualifies as a small power-production facility under section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(C)). The unit burns homogeneous waste (not including refuse-derived fuel) to produce electricity. The Administrator is notified that the unit meets all of these criteria. Temporary-use incinerators and air curtain incinerators used in disaster recovery if it is used on a temporary basis to combust debris from a disaster or emergency such as a tornado, hurricane, flood, ice storm, high winds, or act of bioterrorism and the facility complies with the requirements in 40 CFR 60.2969. Units that combust contraband or prohibited goods if the unit is owned or operated by a government agency such as police, customs, agricultural inspection, or a similar agency to destroy only illegal or prohibited goods such as illegal drugs, or agricultural food products that can not be transported into the country or across State lines to prevent biocontamination. The exclusion does not apply to items either confiscated or incinerated by private, industrial, or commercial entities. Incinerators used for national security if they meet either of the following requirements: The incineration unit is used solely during military training field exercises to destroy national security materials integral to the field exercises. The incineration unit is used solely to incinerate national security materials, its use is necessary to safeguard national security. Beryllium Incinerators Incinerators that process beryllium-containing waste, beryllium, beryllium oxide, or beryllium alloys emissions to the atmosphere cannot exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. At these types of incinerators, emissions testing must be done within 90 days of the startup of a new source and monitoring sites operated continuously. Records of the emissions testing results must be kept and made available for 2 yr. Air Curtain Incinerators Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent yard waste must operate at an opacity limit of 10 percent (6-min average) for air curtain incinerators that can combust at least 35 tons per day of municipal solid waste and no more than 250 tons per day of municipal solid waste opacity limit of 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. Air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, yard waste and/or 100 percent mixture of only wood waste, clean lumber, and/or yard waste operate at the opacity limitation of 10 percent (6-min average) except that the opacity limitation can be 35 percent (6-min average) during the startup period that is within the first 30 min of operation. These incinerators are required to conduct annual opacity tests and submit the results to the Administrator. CISWI Incinerators Commercial, industrial and solid waste incinerators (CISWI) which started construction on or before 30 November 1999 must meet the following emissions limitations: 0.004 milligrams/dscm cadmium 157 ppmdv Carbon monoxide 0.41 nanograms/dscm dioxins/furans 62 ppmdv hydrogen chloride 0.04 milligrams/dscm lead 0.47 milligrams/dscm mercury 10 percent opacity 388 ppmdv oxides of nitrogen 70 milligrams/dscm particulate matter 20 ppmdv sulfur dioxide. Medical Waste Incinerators Methodology for disposal of some medical wastes. See Medical Waste -> Incinerators for regulatory and P2 information pertaining to medical waste incinerators. Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Helps warn personnel that tagged equipment presents an equipment safety hazard and should not be used.

Sewage Sludge Incinerators Emissions to the atmosphere must not exceed 10 g of beryllium over a 24-h period unless approval has been received for alternate emissions limits. Of equal importance are the restrictions on what can be in the sewage sludge. There are regulations about the concentrations of daily concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator based on formulas in the text of the regulation. Summary of State Requirements The states primarily regulate this type of a source through their construction and operating permit programs. While not actually an incinerator, states and counties do regulate the use of open burning. State-by-state guidance concerning air emissions can be found at ENVCAP's Air Pollution State Resource Locator. Laws and Statutes The Clean Air Act

Access to electricity has been increasing globally, with most of this increase coming from low-to-middle-income economies. However, access to electricity is not equally distributed between rural and urban demographics.