EmergencyBrakeSignalToyota

Strike refers to the line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane and an inclined surface. This line is called a strike line, and the direction the line points in (either direction, as a line points in two opposite directions) is the strike angle.

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EMERGENCY STOPhandsignal

3D interactive model of Figure 12: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwYmp7DmgEM

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3D interactive model of Figure 10: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwY-cORowEM

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The dip of the inclined layer represents the direction the layer or bed is tilting into the Earth . The direction of dip would be the direction a ball would roll if set on the layer and released.  In Figure 3, the layers are dipping to the SE.  In this case, the dip is labelled “27 degrees,” so we know it is tilted exactly 27 degrees into the Earth.  Sometimes dip angles are not labeled, but we can still determine the dip direction (but not the magnitude) from the dip symbol.

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Emergency Stop SignalHonda

Dip is the angle between that horizontal plane and the inclined surface (such as a geological contact between tilted layers) measured perpendicular to the strike line down to the inclined surface.

Strike and dip map symbols look like the capital letter T, with a short trunk and extra-wide top line. The short trunk represents the dip and the top line represents the strike. Dip is the angle that a bed or layer plunges into the Earth from the horizontal. A number next to the symbol represents dip angle.

Emergency Stop signalrigging

In Figure 3, the strike is measured as either 37 degrees, or 37 + 180 = 217 degrees.  Convention is to use the smallest angle (in this case, 37 degrees), but either is correct.

Car going downhill button

3D interactive model of Figure 7: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwYyeKJpAEM

The strike indicates the azimuth (orientation) of the beds on the map – see the section on Azimuth for a description of how this is plotted.

Emergency stop signalHyundai

Figure 5. A 3D virtual outcrop of tilted beds (click on link): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/vom-2-65d74feafc1f4e99a87d0c9d17070fa5

Geologists measure the orientation (strike) and steepness (dip angle) of tilted beds of rock at an outcrop (Figure 2).  The direction and angle the beds are inclined will vary from location to location, so the location of each outcrop must also be recorded.

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3D interactive model of Figure 9: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwYyaOkogEM

3D interactive model of Figure 11: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwYibyKoQEM

A useful way to think about strike and dip is to look at the roof of a house (Figure 1). A house’s roof has a ridge along the top, and then sides that slope away from the ridge. The ridge is like a strike line, and the angle that the roof tilts is the dip of the roof.

Physical Geology Laboratory Copyright © by Elizabeth Johnson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

3D interactive model of Figure 6: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwYqcLLnAEM

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3D interactive model of Figure 8: http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXIPCxIFTW9kZWwYqezDmgEM

Tilted beds or layers occur when plate tectonic forces cause horizontal layers to be pushed up or dropped down unevenly.  This results in a tilting or incline of the original horizontal beds.