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Medical examination gloves are among the most common sources of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. PVC gloves are recommended as a safe alternative for people with rubber accelerator allergy. However, the potential allergenicity of PVC gloves used in the United States (US) is unknown. Therefore, investigators sought to test for the presence of potential contact allergens in a variety of single-use PVC medical examination gloves sold commercially in the US.

In autumn 2022, the investigators requested the safety data sheet (SDS; includes manufacturing ingredient lists) from each glove manufacturer/supplier to evaluate manufacturer transparency.

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Norman T, Guenther J, Asante I, Adler BL. Analysis of contact allergens in polyvinyl chloride examination gloves in the United States. Dermatitis. Published online September 5, 2023. doi:10.1089/derm2023.0150

The investigators concluded, “[I]n the setting of chronic hand dermatitis, PVC gloves should be entertained as a potential source of allergic contact dermatitis due to chemicals intentionally or unintentionally introduced during the manufacturing process.” In terms of the current findings’ impact on clinical practice, they wrote, “Given the low allergen concentrations detected in our study, we do not recommend empiric avoidance of PVC gloves in most clinical contexts.”

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The investigators were unable to obtain an SDS for 12 gloves. The investigators reviewed the product specification sheets for those 12 samples In reviewing the documentation for all tested gloves, the investigators found that neither form of documentation listed any of the 6 tested chemicals for any of the tested gloves. An internal report was provided by a single manufacturer stating that their gloves were bisphenol A-free (limit of detection was 0.1 ppm, 10-fold higher than that used in the current analysis).

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Potential contact allergens were detected at low levels and with uncertain clinical relevance in 100% of a small sample of single-use polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medical examination gloves commercially available in the United States, according to study findings published in Dermatitis.

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Disclosure: One study author declared affiliations with biotech, pharmaceutical, and/or device companies. Please see the original reference for a full list of authors’ disclosures.

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Study limitations include lack of evaluation of all allergens previously reported in PVC gloves, and that in allergen extraction quantifying was not performed until exhaustion.

A convenience sample of 3 nitrile gloves were tested for the same allergens. A comparison showed the allergens more frequently detected and mostly at higher concentrations in PVC gloves, except for benzisothiazolinone and triphenyl phosphite, both of which were detected at higher concentrations in nitrile gloves.

All 20 PVC gloves contained detectable quantities of triphenyl phosphate (range, 0.01–2.11 parts per million [ppm]), bisphenol A (0.01–0.11 ppm), benzisothiazolinone (0.001–1.48 ppm), and triphenyl phosphite (0.001–0.22 ppm). Eighteen gloves contained mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate (0.001–0.14 ppm). Three gloves contained tricresyl phosphate (0.001–0.002 ppm).

The investigators analyzed 20 distinct powder-free, single-use medical examination gloves (from 19 brands) purchased from Medline, Amazon.com, McKesson, and SmartPractice in early. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to test in triplicate for the presence of triphenyl phosphate, bisphenol A, benzisothiazolinone, triphenyl phosphite, mono (2-ethylhexyl) maleate, and tricresyl phosphate.

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