Support: Various conditions, such as limited sight distance or obstructions that might require a driver to reduce speed or stop, might require additional advance warning signs.

When weight restrictions are imposed because of the activity in a TTC zone, a marked detour shall be provided for vehicles weighing more than the posted limit.

Standard: TTC regulatory signs shall conform to the Standards for regulatory signs presented in Part 2 and in the FHWA's "Standard Highway Signs" book (see Section 1A.11).

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Standard: The colors for regulatory signs shall follow the Standards for regulatory signs in Table 2A-4 and Chapter 2B. Warning signs in TTC zones shall have a black legend and border on an orange background, except for the Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Advance Warning (W10-1) sign which shall have a black legend and border on a yellow background, and except for signs that are permitted in Parts 2 or 7 to have fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds. Colors for guide signs shall follow the Standards in Table 2A-4 and Chapter 2D, except for guide signs as noted in Section 6F.50.

Support: Section 2B.17 contains information regarding the use of FINES HIGHER signs (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 1 of 2).

Guidance: Signs mounted on Type III barricades should not cover more than 50 percent of the top two rails or 33 percent of the total area of the three rails.

Support: At TTC zones on lightly-traveled roads, all of the advance warning signs prescribed for major construction might not be needed.

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Option: As an alternative to a specific distance on advance warning signs, the word AHEAD may be used.

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Support: Regulatory signs are generally rectangular with a black legend and border on a white background. Exceptions include the STOP, YIELD, DO NOT ENTER, WRONG WAY, and ONE WAY signs.

The SIDEWALK CLOSED AHEAD, (ARROW) CROSS HERE (R9-11) sign should be used to indicate to pedestrians that sidewalks beyond the sign are closed and to direct them to open crosswalks, sidewalks, or other travel paths.

Support: The provisions of this Section regarding mounting height apply unless specifically stated otherwise for a particular sign elsewhere in this Manual.

Standard: All signs used at night shall be either retroreflective with a material that has a smooth, sealed outer surface or illuminated to show the same shape and similar color both day and night.

Support: If alterations are made to specific traffic control device supports that have been successfully crash tested in accordance with NCHRP Report 350 (see Section 1A.11), the altered supports might not be considered to be crashworthy.

Support: TTC zone warning signs (see Figure 6F-4) notify road users of specific situations or conditions on or adjacent to a roadway that might not otherwise be apparent.

Support: TTC zone signs convey both general and specific messages by means of words or symbols and have the same three categories as all road user signs: regulatory, warning, and guide.

Guidance: Special regulatory signs should conform to the general requirements of color, shape, and alphabet size and series. The sign message should be brief, legible, and clear.

On secondary roads or City streets where speeds are very low, signs smaller than the standard size, but not less than 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24 in), may be used for warning signs having short word messages or clear symbols.

Guidance: Where highway conditions permit, warning signs should be placed in advance of the TTC zone at varying distances depending on roadway type, condition, and posted speed. Table 6C-1 contains information regarding the spacing of advance warning signs. Where a series of two or more advance warning signs is used, the closest sign to the TTC zone should be placed approximately 30 m (100 ft) for low-speed urban streets to 300 m (1,000 ft) or more for freeways and expressways.

Guidance: The Local Traffic Only signs (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 2 of 2) should be used where road user flow detours to avoid a closure some distance beyond the sign, but where local road users can use the roadway to the point of closure. These signs should be accompanied by appropriate warning and detour signing.

Standard: Traffic control devices shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.

Option: The dimensions of signs shown in Table 6F-1 may be increased wherever necessary for greater legibility or emphasis, such as on freeways and expressways.

For freeways and expressways, the size of diamond shaped TTC warning signs shall be a minimum of 1200 x 1200 mm (48 x 48 in).

Support: Detectable barriers or barricades communicate very clearly to pedestrians who have visual disabilities that they can no longer proceed in the direction that they are traveling.

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Guidance: The ROAD (STREET) CLOSED sign should be installed at or near the center of the roadway on or above a Type III barricade that closes the roadway (see Section 6F.63).

Standard: When standard orange flags or flashing warning lights are used in conjunction with signs, they shall not block the sign face.

Standard: The needs and control of all road users (motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians within the highway, including persons with disabilities in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), Title II, Paragragh 35.130) through a TTC zone shall be an essential part of highway construction, utility work, maintenance operations, and the management of traffic incidents.

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Standard: Regulatory signs shall be authorized by the public agency or official having jurisdiction and shall conform with Chapter 2B.

Option: Where speeds and volumes are moderately low, a minimum size of 900 x 900 mm (36 x 36 in) may be used for advance warning signs.

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Guidance: The ROAD (STREET) CLOSED (R11-2) sign (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 2 of 2) should be used when the roadway is closed to all road users except contractors' equipment or officially authorized vehicles. The R11-2 sign should be accompanied by appropriate warning and detour signing.

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Standard: If a temporary crosswalk is established, it shall be accessible to pedestrians with disabilities inaccordance with Section 6D.02.

Option: A 2.1 m (7 ft) mounting height may be used in rural areas for increased visibility.

Advance warning signs larger than the minimum standards may be used for additional emphasis of the TTC zone (see Part 2).

Crashworthiness and crash testing information on devices described in Part 6 are found in AASHTO's "Roadside Design Guide" (see Section 1A.11).

Option: In urban areas, the legend ROAD (STREET) CLOSED TO THRU TRAFFIC (R11-4) or ROAD CLOSED, LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY may be used.

The requirement for sign illumination shall not be considered to be satisfied by street, highway, or strobe lighting.

The SIDEWALK CLOSED (R9-9) sign should be installed at the beginning of the closed sidewalk, at the intersections preceding the closed sidewalk, and elsewhere along the closed sidewalk as needed.

Option: Utility work, maintenance, or minor construction can occur within the TTC zone limits of a major construction project, and additional warning signs may be needed.

The words BRIDGE OUT (or BRIDGE CLOSED) may be substituted for the words ROAD (STREET) CLOSED on the R11-3a or R11-4 sign where applicable.

Where distances are not shown on warning signs as part of the message, a supplemental plaque with the distance legend may be mounted immediately below the sign on the same support.

The design and application of TTC devices used in TTC zones should consider the needs of all road users (motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians), including those with disabilities.

The height to the bottom of a secondary sign mounted below another sign may be 0.3 m (1 ft) less than the appropriate height specified above.

Standard: The ROAD (STREET) CLOSED sign shall not be used where road user flow is maintained or where the actual closure is some distance beyond the sign.

Guidance: Neither portable nor permanent sign supports should be located on sidewalks, bicycle facilities, or areas designated for pedestrian or bicycle traffic. Signs mounted lower than 2.1 m (7 ft) should not project more than 100 mm (4 in) into pedestrian facilities.

Option: A STAY IN LANE (R4-9) sign (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 1 of 2) may be used where a multi-lane shift has been incorporated as part of the TTC on a highway to direct road users around road work that occupies part of the roadway on a multi-lane highway.

Option: The words BRIDGE OUT (or BRIDGE CLOSED) may be substituted for ROAD (STREET) CLOSED where applicable.

Standard: Because of their importance, advance warning signs for higher-speed locations shall have a size of 1200 x 1200 mm (48 x 48 in) (see Part 2).

Guidance: SIDEWALK CLOSED signs (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 2 of 2) should be used where pedestrian flow is restricted. Bicycle/Pedestrian Detour (M4-9a) signs or Pedestrian Detour (M4-9b) signs should be used where pedestrian flow is rerouted (see Section 6F.53).

Option: Where special emphasis is needed, signs may be placed on both the left and right sides of the roadway. Signs mounted on portable supports may be placed within the roadway itself. Signs may also be mounted on or above barricades.

Standard: Signs shall be properly maintained for cleanliness, visibility, and correct positioning.

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Guidance: Signs should be located on the right side of the roadway unless otherwise specified in this Manual.

Guidance: Except as noted in the Option, signs mounted on portable supports should not be used for a duration of more than 3 days.

Support: These signs are typically mounted on a detectable barricade to encourage compliance and to communicate with pedestrians that the sidewalk is closed. Printed signs are not useful to many pedestrians with visual disabilities. A barrier or barricade detectable by a person with a visual disability is sufficient to indicate that a sidewalk is closed. If the barrier is continuous with detectable channelizing devices for an alternate route, accessible signage might not be necessary. An audible information device is needed when the detectable barricade or barrier for an alternate channelized route is not continuous.

In emergencies, available warning signs having yellow backgrounds may be used if signs with orange or fluorescent pink backgrounds are not at hand.

The SIDEWALK CLOSED, (ARROW) CROSS HERE (R9-11a) sign should be installed just beyond the point to which pedestrians are being redirected.

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Option: For mobile operations, a sign may be mounted on a work vehicle, a shadow vehicle, or a trailer stationed in advance of the TTC zone or moving along with it. The work vehicle, the shadow vehicle, or the trailer may or may not have an impact attenuator.

As stated in Definition 17 in Section 1A.13, "crashworthy" is a characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 350, "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features".

Option: Warning and guide signs used for TTC incident management situations (see Chapter 6I) may have a black legend and border on a fluorescent pink background.

Option: Warning signs used for TTC incident management situations may have a black legend and border on a fluorescent pink background.

Guidance: Where roadway or road user conditions require greater emphasis, larger than standard size warning signs should be used, with the symbol or legend enlarged approximately in proportion to the outside dimensions.

Option: The R9-8 through R9-11a series, R11 series, W1-6 through W1-8 series, M4-10, E5-1, or other similar type signs (see Figures 6F-3, 6F-4, and 6F-5) may be used on portable supports for longer than 3 days.

Guidance: Unshielded sign posts placed in the clear zone should yield or breakaway upon impact to minimize obstructions to road users.

Support: The fluorescent versions of orange provide higher conspicuity than standard orange, especially during twilight.

Support: FHWA policy requires that all roadside appurtenances such as traffic barriers, barrier terminals and crash cushions, bridge railings, sign and light pole supports, and work zone hardware used on the National Highway System meet the crashworthy performance criteria contained in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350, "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features". The FHWA website at http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/policy_guide/road_hardware/index.cfm identifies all such hardware and includes copies of FHWA acceptance letters for each of them. In the case of proprietary items, links are provided to manufacturers' websites as a source of detailed information on specific devices. The website also contains an "Ask the Experts" section where questions on roadside design issues can be addressed. State Departments of Transportation and local agencies might also have expanded the NCHRP Report 350 crashworthy criteria to apply to other highways in addition to the National Highway System.

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Where road users include pedestrians, the provision of supplemental audible information or detectable barriers or barricades should be considered for people with visual disabilities.

Option: Where the color orange is required, fluorescent red-orange or fluorescent yellow-orange colors may also be used.

Where it has been determined that the accommodation of pedestrians with disabilities is necessary, signs shall be mounted and placed in accordance with Section 4.4 of the "Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG)" (see Section 1A.11).

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Support: Sign design details are contained in the "Standard Highway Signs" book (see Section 1A.11).

Standard: Ground-mounted signs installed at the side of the road in rural areas shall be mounted at a height of at least 1.5 m (5 ft), measured from the bottom of the sign to the near edge of the pavement. In business, commercial, and residential districts where parking and/or bicycle or pedestrian movement is likely to occur, or where there are other obstructions to view, the distance between the bottom of the sign and the top of the near edge of the traveled way shall be at least 2.1 m (7 ft).

Standard: A Weight Limit sign (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 2 of 2), which shows the gross weight or axle weight that is permitted on the roadway or bridge, shall be consistent with State or local regulations and shall not be installed without the approval of the authority having jurisdiction over the highway.

Option: Special regulatory signs may be used based on engineering judgment consistent with regulatory requirements.

In order to maintain the systematic use of yellow or fluorescent yellow-green background for pedestrian, bicycle, and school warning signs in a jurisdiction, the yellow or fluorescent yellow-green background for pedestrian, bicycle, and school warning signs may be used in TTC zones.

Guidance: Utility, maintenance, and minor construction signing and TTC should be coordinated with appropriate authorities so that road users are not confused or misled by the additional TTC devices.

Support: Regulatory signs such as those shown in Figure 6F-3 inform road users of traffic laws or regulations and indicate the applicability of legal requirements that would not otherwise be apparent.

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In rural applications, the Local Traffic Only sign should have the legend ROAD CLOSED XX km (MILES) AHEAD, LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (R11-3a).

All traffic control devices used on street and highway construction, maintenance, utility, or incident management operations shall conform to the applicable provisions of this Manual.

Standard: If a TTC zone requires regulatory measures different from those existing, the existing permanent regulatory devices shall be removed or covered and superseded by the appropriate temporary regulatory signs. This change shall be made in conformance with applicable ordinances or statutes of the jurisdiction.

Standard: Deviations from standard sizes as prescribed herein shall be in 150 mm (6 in) increments.

The SIDEWALK CLOSED, (ARROW) USE OTHER SIDE (R9-10) sign should be installed at the beginning of the restricted sidewalk when a parallel sidewalk exists on the other side of the roadway.

Standard: TTC warning signs shall conform to the Standards for warning signs presented in Part 2 and in FHWA's "Standard Highway Signs" book (see Section 1A.11). Except as noted in the Option below, TTC warning signs shall be diamond-shaped with a black legend and border on an orange background, except for the W10-1 sign which shall have a black legend and border on a yellow background, and except for signs that are permitted in Parts 2 or 7 to have fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds.

Support: Whenever the acronym "TTC" is used in this Chapter, it refers to "temporary traffic control".

Option: The PEDESTRIAN CROSSWALK (R9-8) sign (see Figure 6F-3, Sheet 1 of 2) may be used to indicate where a temporary crosswalk has been established.

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Where any part of the roadway is obstructed or closed by work activities or incidents, advance warning signs should be installed to alert road users well in advance of these obstructions or restrictions.

Signs mounted on barricades, or other portable supports, shall be no less than 0.3 m (1 ft) above the traveled way.

Standard: Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Large signs having an area exceeding 5 square meters (50 square feet) that are installed on multiple breakaway posts shall be mounted a minimum of 2.1 m (7 ft) above the ground.